பொருளாதாரம் மற்றும் மேலாண்மை அறிவியல் சர்வதேச இதழ்

In this paper, we look at factors that affect how marketers set price. The final price for a product might be influenced by numerous factors, which can be categorized into two main groups, internal factors and external factors, both areas are discussed in further detail in this paper. In addition to discussing the factors that influence international marketing channels, which are the channels within which goods and services pass to reach their foreign customers. This suggests that manufacturers and consumers must be located in either the producers or customers country or having presence in both countries. Lastly, the paper will discuss standardized advertising versus localized advertising in an international market.

The aim of merger of banks is to increase the value of banks in one way or another. The days of globalization and liberalization are in and there is a rash of merger and acquisition which is sweeping the corporate world. Consolidation in banking industry should essentially be synergy-driven to obtain a quantum leap in the effectiveness of the merged entity. It can be attained by merging complementary strength, serving a greater number of customers in a good way with more differentiated skills and products, giving a well geographical spread, comprising the cost of combined entity, better utilization of available resources, recognizing the opportunities for cross selling, deriving economies of scale and reduced competition. Over the last span, the banking industry in Pakistan has not only grown-up in terms of size but also consolidated, matured and diversified to contribute towards constructing a strong financial system. In this study, five bank merger’s cases have been taken and Null Hypothesis (there is no difference in the mean value of selected variables before and after the merger) is found rejected. Based on overall analysis, merger of My Bank Limited with Summit Bank Limited was more effective in most of the variables as compared to the merger of PICIC Commercial Bank Limited with National Investment Bank Limited, Union Bank Limited with Standard Chartered Bank Limited, JS investment Bank Limited with JS Bank Limited and Askari Leasing Limited with Askari Bank Limited.

Over the past few years, the number of online retailers has gradually climbed in the region, with the country of Qatar making up a small but growing share in the region’s e-commerce market, but still selling online in Qatar has one of the lowest percentages of on-line purchase world-wide. This paper investigates the perception of the Qatari consumers on e-commerce purchasing process and how it varies among individuals due to several positive and negative characteristics of e-commerce. It is found that the demand for online marketing activities is increasing considerably; however, some individuals are anxious about the safety of online payment processing.

The factors determining management risks are studied in this paper both at levels of a company and the whole region in the Russian economy. Arguments indicating the common risk management of a company and a region are stipulated herein. Their main premise is that as a single company, and the whole region entrepreneurship complex affected by common factors. At the same time the effectiveness of the company risk management provides the result of the management of the whole regional economy development. The necessity of this analytical approach in the risk management as the creation of a risk system, allowing considering the risks relevant to individual enterprises and the whole region is grounded. Conditions for the practical use of the productive and effective universal process of risk accounting and assessment in the financial activity and the management of the region economic development are stipulated. The base risk system of business entities in the region is offered.

This study examined the impact of government spending, economic growth, trade, foreign aid and foreign direct investment on poverty reduction in Africa. the study covered the period from 1974 to 2013 using annual data from the World Bank and the United Nation Development Program. the study used GMM technique in order to estimate the impact of the mentioned variable on poverty in Africa. the empirical results suggested that foreign direct investment, economic growth, trade and government spending on education and health positively and significantly related to the poverty reduction during the period of interest, while foreign aid negatively contributed to the poverty reduction in Africa.

The problem of entrepreneurial shortage as it affects the growth of industry in the less developed countries would seem to have two mutually reinforcing aspects i) The economic environment not generally conducive to the emergence and training of the persons likely to prove successful in initiating industrial activities, and (ii) That even if there was a good supply of such persons, their task as industrial entrepreneurs in a pre-industrial economy would tend to be an extremely difficult one. They shall have to start from the scratch. The personal traits of the respondents represent the psychological framework of the respondents to know the business opportunities and to start and manage the business. The personal traits consist of so many psychological aspects. Entrepreneurship is essential function and behaviour manifestation of a person for shifting resources from areas of low productivity to higher productivity. It is traits like willingness to take risk, high economic achievement motivation, self-confidence, problem solving disposition, adequate knowledge and skill, ability to face uncertainty and good managerial ability. This study will be of immense use for the policy makers and administrators engaged in the development of the small scale industrial sector in the southern districts of Tamilnadu. This study may also be of good use to the academic fraternity engaged in the state’s industrial development studies.

Synergic innovation is a new paradigm, and a new progress of innovation system theory. We reviewed the evolution of innovation theory, analyzed the background of synergic innovation theory. The study on synergic innovation has been expanded from inside to outside, covered three fields, which was synergic innovation within enterprise, vertical synergic innovation inter-enterprise, horizontal synergic innovation within multi-agents. Horizontal synergic innovation is the main form of synergic innovation. Factors of synergic innovation expanded from the “University-industry-government”. Different methods have been developed to measure the synergic innovation effect and synergic degree. Furthermore influential factors and decision mechanism of synergic innovation behavior has been studied.

Freshwater shortage in many areas around the world presents a constraint to sustainable development. Desalination of saline water, especially seawater which accounts for more than 97% of the total water quantity on earth, represents a feasible option in many cases. The need for sustainable sources of energy to operate high energy - consumption desalination systems is mandatory. Future, in remote coastal and arid areas, the use of renewable energy for powering desalination plants could be a feasible option in view of several technical, economic and environmental considerations. In this paper, the issue of integration of desalination technologies and renewable energy from specified sources is addressed. The features of Photovoltaic (PV) system combined with reverse osmosis desalination technology, which represents the most commonly applied integration between renewable energy and desalination technology, are analyzed. Further, a case study for conceptual seawater reverse osmosis (SW-RO) desalination plant with 1000 m3/d capacity is presented, based on PV and conventional generators powered with fossil fuel to be installed in a remote coastal area in Egypt, as a typical developing country. The estimated water cost for desalination with PV/ SW-RO system is about $1.21 m3, while ranging between $1.18-1.56 for SW-RO powered with conventional generator powered with fossil fuel. Analysis of the economical, technical and environmental factors depicts the merits of using large scale integrated PV/RO system as an economically feasible water supply with an autonomous power supply.