பயோ இன்ஜினியரிங் & பயோமெடிக்கல் சயின்ஸ் ஜர்னல்

Infection with Mycobacterium Tuberculosis represents a significant threat to people with immune disorders, such as HIV-positive individuals, and can result in significant health complications or death if not diagnosed and treated early. We present a centrifugal microfluidic platform for multiplexed detection of tuberculosis and HIV biomarkers in human whole blood with minimal sample preparation and a sample-to-answer time of 30 minutes. This multiplexed assay was developed for the detection of two M.tuberculosis secreted proteins, whose secretion represents an active and ongoing infection, as well as detection of HIV p24 protein and human anti-p24 antibodies. The limit of detection for this multiplex assay is in the pg/mL range for both HIV and M.tuberculosis proteins, making this assay potentially useful in the clinical diagnosis of both HIV and Tuberculosis proteins indicative of active infection. Antigen detection for the HIV assay sensitivity was 89%, the specificity 85%. Serological detection had 100% sensitivity and specificity for the limited sample pool. The centrifugal microfluidic platform presented here offers the potential for a portable, fast and inexpensive multiplexed diagnostic device that can be used in resource-limited settings for diagnosis of TB and HIV.

Historical evidence showed that from ancient to till now herbal medicine has been empirically used for treatment of different health ailments. Scientist, herbalist, physicians and experts from diversified fields are contributing to develop herbal medicine in the world. All of the researchers are morally coincided that maximum utilization and mobilization of resources (men, materials and money) are prime demand to propagate herbal medicine in the world. Some of the scientist also claimed that lack of expert in the field of herbal medicine is prime drawback to develop herbal medicine. It is true but expert in the field of herbal medicine are until struggling for positional crisis. Without changing the propaganda, it is not possible to achieve the desire goal of herbal medicine. So, it is time demanded issue to promote right person in right place to develop herbal medicine to the upcoming world.

Background: Lower back pain refers to the pain and discomfort, which is usually, localized in between costal margin and inferior gluteal folds. Occasionally it is accompanied with pain in the leg too.

Patients: Forty five patients with chronic low back pain (mean age 40.5±years, height 167±cm, weight 82.5±kg, and BM 29±kg/m²) participated in this study.

Patients and methods: Patients were categorized into 3 different equal groups (15 nos); group (A) received low level laser, group (B) received McKenzie technique and group(C) received traditional electrotherapy and functioned as the control group. Data of visual analogue scale (VAS), patient specific functional Scale and (ROM) scores were collected from each patient pre and post the administration of physiotherapy.

Results: Statistical analysis using paired student t-test and unpaired student t-test showed significant differences in the VAS and PSFS values recorded pre and post treatment in both groups A and B. There was significant difference in improvement in pain; ROM and functional disability in laser group (A) than in McKenzie technique group (B).

Conclusion: The physiotherapy program is not only effective for the patients having chronic lower back pain, it also helped in improving functional disability of the patients, especially when low level laser or McKenzie technique are added to the treatment program.

Histological tissue section provides rich information about cellular structure. There are considerable amount of variations in cell structure, and cell organization that impede analysis of large histological dataset. This paper is a review of some recent state-of-art nucleus/cell segmentation approaches on different types of microscopic images. In the conventional diagnosis, pathologist analyze biopsies to make diagnostic assessment. Recently some automatic methods have been evolving in digital histopathology with growing application related to nuclear detection and segmentation. We and discussed and studied here various trends on nucleus detection, and segmentation.

Histological tissue section consists of rich information about cell type, cellular morphology, cell state and health etc. which is very important for clinical diagnosis and therapy. Automated analysis provides insights of tumor subtypes. Since tumor sections are collected from different laboratory, some issues arises called technical and biological variations. In this paper we developed an approach for nuclear segmentation on tumours histological section, which addresses problems of processing tissues at different laboratory under microscope. Eventually, the resolution is formulated in multi reference level set frame. Experimental results show performance of proposed method.

Latest updates in guidelines of European Union for medical device clinical evaluation report (CER) is particularly in line with the shift of focus of evaluation process from “verification of safety and performance” to justification of “sufficient evidence conforming to the essential requirements” and subsequent change in the approach of clinical evaluation from a subjective justification based upon collection of information to an objective, holistic and logical clinical justification based upon clear and rational methods. Stating that the clinical evaluators need to have an experience of about 10 years in clinical research and medical writing, requiring an all-inclusive state-of-the-art for device-treated disease, and specifying clinical data sources, the guidelines have given a direction for CER to be logical and objective. The requirement to align manufacturer supplied information such as instructions for use, Clinical Investigations Report and CER is indicative of the holistic approach.

These guidelines are not effective immediately, however, their merits and value addition as well as its immediate implantation is practical and operationally beneficial for the manufacturers. They have removed ambiguities about the qualifications, acceptability standards of performance and safety of the device, scope of clinical evaluation etc. and have set expectations.

The guidelines are supposed to bring about two major changes in the CER trends. The first change will be in the trend of personnel. We can now expect increased engagement for medical writer with 10 years of more experience. In addition, organizations with personnel having diverse background will be in a better position to deliver the CER. Due to increased engagement in PMS, PMCF and registry activities, increased literature search and summarization requirements and frequent update of CER, need for automation will increase.

Swarming motility is one of the most impressive features of microbial life and requires an extended investigations. Till now days, many studies have indicated that swarming is the most complex type of bacterial motility. It roles include the colonization of hydrated-viscous surfaces, the formation of biofilms and antibiotics resistance. Furthermore, among the human pathogene microbiota, Pseudomonas aeruginosa have attracted a significant interest because of their complexes swarming pattern. The direction of this movement is biased by chemotactic responses to several stimuli. Thus, the present review is focused on Pseudomonas aeruginosa swarming and their exhibition of adaptive antibiotics resistance.

Recent advances in developing biosensors which are sensitive and specific have opened new opportunities for DNA biosensors. DNA biosensors, based on nucleic acid recognition methods, are being developed towards the assay of rapid, simple and economical testing of genetic and infectious diseases. Moreover, the detection of specific DNA sequence is of significance in numerous areas including clinical, environmental and food analysis. Advancements in technology like SELEX and SAM are being used to develop better detection methods (both Direct and Indirect detection) for DNA Biosensors. Unlike enzyme or antibodies, nucleic acid recognition layers can be readily synthesized and regenerated for multiple uses. DNA biosensors and gene chips are of major interest due to their great potential for obtaining sequence-specific information in a faster, simpler and cheaper manner compared to the traditional hybridization. Further, increase of interest to DNA based sensors can be expected in near future together with a commercial production of these devices and their extensive use. However, basic research is still necessary to

Epigenetics is turning out to be one of the promising studies in cancer research. This review focuses mainly on how genetic and epigenetic factors like DNA methylation, histone modifications and various other genes can assess the promoter region of cancer related genes and provides a tool for cancer diagnosis and research. The objective of the review is to provide an overview of the literature with some recent developments providing insights into the important question of co-evolution of epigenetic changes in breast cancer progression and tumorigenesis. This review also comply study of different genetic changes existing in breast cancer. Further in this review focus on functioning of DNA methylation, including both normal, disruptions or abnormal role in human disease, and changes in DNA methylation during human breast cancer is also noted.

β- TCP was synthesized by changing the process parameters and all samples were characterized in terms of density, porosity, XRD and FTIR analysis. Density rose and porosity decreased with rising of pH value and density found maximum (2.31 g/cc) at pH 10. Sharp peaks in the XRD diffractograms ensured the crystallinity of samples which increased after calcination and sintering process. Average crystal size was found 28.21 nm. IR spectrum at 943.19 cm-1 and 972.12 cm-1 appeared in FTIR analysis proved the presence of pure β- TCP exists in resulting samples. Performance to stress increased with pH and maximum compressive strength was found at pH 10. Calcination was found maximum 3.485 Nmm-2 at 900°C minimum 1.352 Nmm-2 at 800°C.

Knowledge about the biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance are resulting in identification of new targets for therapeutics against Pseudomonas infection. These one generally persist despite the use of long term antibiotic therapy. The ability of growing within a biofilm enhances their chances to protect themselves from host defenses, antibiotic therapies, and biocides. A necessary first step towards understanding the susceptibility of biofilms to antibiotics is to understand the mechanisms by which motility behavior is involved. To our knowledge, few studies had been undertaken to compare the implication of swimming-swarming and biofilm in antibiotics resistance. The relationship between these formations is debated in some Pseudomonas species literature. It should be noted that P. aeruginosa has been wellstudied as a model organism for the study of these interactions. By contrast, biofilms formation and motility behavior in P. fluorescens has not been extensively analysed. Our data demonstrate that our isolates exhibited an important biofilm mass and were categorized as slime-producers. The morphological and microscopic analysis of biofilm formation in these isolates revealed a very complex, dynamic and biologically exciting view about the architecture. The results indicate that biofilm formation, swarming and swimming motility exhibited a significant effect of resistance toward the β-lactam antibiotics and there is an induced swarming tendril tip bacteria phenotype with the presence of some β-lactam antibiotics.