ஜர்னல் ஆஃப் பைலோஜெனெடிக்ஸ் & எவல்யூஷனரி பயாலஜி

Haemosporidians are compulsory parasites having a place with the phylum Apicomplexa that contaminate birds, creatures of land and water, reptiles as well as vertebrates and are communicated by parasitic dipteran bugs. The avian haemosporidian parasites are partitioned into four primary genera: Leucocytozoon, Haemoproteus, and Plasmodium with a cosmopolitan conveyance, while the variety Fallisia is restricted to the Neotropical district. They are described by heteroxenous life cycles, with the dipteran bug vector as the authoritative host and the vertebrate creature as the transitional host (agamic stages and improvement of gametocytes).

In this paper we examine the relative contribution of information to nodes in a phylogenomic analysis combined with a morphological dataset. We examine the behavior of branch support metrics using the partitioned Bremer support or PBS. This metric measure the contribution of a data partition to a node in question and can be easily computed for likelihood (PLS) and parsimony (PBS). In addition, we use an artificial metric associated with phylogenomic matrices that is similar to branch support that we call the “flip weight”. When two competing and incongruent partitions are analyzed the flip weight is the weight of the weaker partition that results in a change in topology in a concatenated analysis. To quantitate our observations about PBS, PLS and flip weight we use a specific case of a recalcitrant node in phylogenomic analysis – the sister of all other metazoans (SOM). Specifically, we assess the ratio of PBS/PLS values of molecular to morphological support at this recalcitrant node in comparison to flip weight. We find that there is a strong correlation between the PBS/PLS ratio with the weight of the weaker partition where a flip in topology ensues. We use this correlation to calibrate the flip weight for competing partitions at a recalcitrant node.

In the decision making under uncertainty individual decision makers must choose one of a set number of decision alternatives with ample or given information about their outcomes, but most of the times, have not enough knowledge or data about the probabilities of the given state of nature. This paper focuses on the maxi max, maxi min, mini max, regret and realism criteria. The different approaches were analyzed and compared in a case study of variety of maize production volume at Addet Woreda. The main problems that have faced in Adet Wereda the research center do not use alternative production strategies to produce maize variety products. Due to this problem the center may loss the production volume and quality of the product. To solve this problem, different decision making under uncertainty tools were used to optimize the production volume gain per year. The aim of this paper is to introduce decision making under uncertainty to optimize the course of action from the given alternatives on variety of maize production volume at Adet Wereda research center.