கால்நடை அறிவியல் & தொழில்நுட்பம்

Polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) were produced against gentamycin (GEN) and ceftiofur (CEF) antibiotics in sprague dawley rats (aged 7-8 weeks) by conjugating them with bovine serum albumin (BSA). Total 3 groups (3 rats in each group): one control (without antibiotic) group and two test groups (GEN and CEF) of rats were maintained. Total of four blood samplings were done from each group as follows: First three samples was serially at 15 days’ time interval after 1st booster, 2nd booster, 3rd booster and the 4th sampling was one and half month after the third booster. The antibody titres in the antisera of each antibiotic in all the four immunization cycles were determined by an icELISA at various serum dilutions ranging from 1/100 to 1/6400. Analysis of antibiotic conjugates by SDS-PAGE and Coomassie blue staining revealed higher molecular weights when compared to normal BSA (68 KDa). The molecular weights of conjugates were 90 kDa, 78 kDa for GEN-BSA and CEF-BSA respectively. The GEN antisera gave positive antibody titres up to a dilution of 1/1600 in first immunization cycle, 1/6400 in 2nd and 3rd immunization cycles and 1/1600 in 4th sampling. Maximum optical density at 450 nm (OD450) value of 0.928 was obtained at 1/100 antiserum dilution in 3rd immunization cycle. The CEF antisera gave positive antibody titres up to a dilution of 1/800 in 1st immunization cycle, 1/1600 in 2nd immunization cycle, 1/6400 in 3rd immunization cycle and 1/3200 in 4th sampling. Maximum OD450 value of 2.072 was obtained at 1/100 antiserum dilution in 3rd immunization cycle.

The purpose of this retrospective study is to describe the radiographic morphology of the lesser trochanter as well as possible enthesiopathies of the iliopsoas muscle in Rottweilers, German Shepherd Dogs and Bavarian Mountain Hounds. The normal shape of the lesser trochanter appeared radiological triangular in German Shepherd Dogs and blunt or bump like in Rottweilers and Bavarian Mountain Hounds. Changes indicating an enthesiopathy presented as periosteal blurrings, variation in shape or in isolated bone opacity proximomedial to the lesser trochanter and were categorized into four groups. Three aspects were of special interest: general frequency of radiographic signs of enthesiopathy and potential correlation to sex or to hip dysplasia. In total 736 radiographic studies from Rottweilers (n=311), German Shepherd Dogs (n=133) and Bavarian Mountain Hounds (n=292) have been evaluated. Changes of the lesser trochanter are present in 105 (14.2%) of the radiographic studies. In Rottweilers and Bavarian Mountain Hounds enthesiopathy is significantly correlated to hip dysplasia as dogs classified as “C”, “D” and “E” were merged as one group. Regarding gender disposition no correlation was found. Computed tomography (CT) was additionally available in nine dogs and confirmed radiographic findings. The results of this study could be of major interest in the selection process of service, working and sports dogs as enthesiopathies of the iliopsoas muscle occurring in adolescent dogs might act as a life-long weak points, but additional data is needed to evaluate clinical relevance

Routine use of a thiol-detection test in every wellness examination increased practice dental revenues and enhanced client compliance with dental recommendations in a geographically diverse cohort of veterinary generalpractice clinics. The number of dental procedures performed and home-care units dispensed increased, as did revenues.

The aim of this research was to study the effect of different levels of the extruded full-fat soybean (EFFSB) on growth performance and serum lipids of male turkeys. A trial was carried out using 300 one day male turkey B.U.T (big 6) during 3 feeding periods (starter, grower and finisher, 18 weeks). Poults were selected and divided into four experimental groups with three replicates containing 25 poults each, in a completely randomized design, and were fed experimental diets for 18 weeks. Treatments consisted on: T1 (control, SBM), T2 (10% EFFSB), T3 (15% EFFSB) and T4 (20% EFFSB). There were negligible changes in mortality. The results showed that the level of feed intake was decreased, while feed efficiency and body weight gain was improved in male turkey fed with different levels of the EFFSB. As a result, the best growth performance was determined for male turkeys fed diets containing 15% and 20% of EFFSB, which was exceeded significantly (p<0.05). The experiment confirmed that addition of extruded full-fat soybean in male turkey diets had influenced on serum lipids, so that cholesterol and triglyceride were reduced significantly (p<0.05) on serum lipids of male turkey.

Indian subcontinent is a treasure house of Bos indicus cattle, one of the most popular breed amongst them is “Ongole” which by inheritance is a dual purpose breed. During the period under report 549 ejaculates were collected from eight breeding bulls, of which 192 ejaculates (34.97%) were discarded during various stages of semen processing. Out of the total ejaculates, 126 (22.95%), 40 (7.29%) and 26 ejaculates (4.74%) were discarded after collection, equilibration and freezing, respectively while most of the discards were second ejaculates. From the present study, it was concluded that the ejaculate discard in Ongole bulls was mainly based on low volume, initial progressive motility, sperm concentration and post-thaw motility. However, it was suggested that certain reproductive technologies like Sephadex or Glass wool filtration or Percoll gradients could be used to enhance the quality of these low grade ejaculates from genetically superior bulls.

Cross-sectional study was conducted from October, 2013 to April, 2014 with the aim of estimating the prevalence of ovine lungworm infection, to assess associated risk factors and identify lungworm species in Debre Birhan town. A total of 371 fecal samples and relevant data were collected. L1 larvae identified using modified Baerman technique and association was analyzed against different risk factors. The overall prevalence recorded was 209(56.3%). The proportion of infection by Dictyocaulus filaria, Muellerius capillaris and mixed infection were 78.5%, 16.3% and 5.3%, respectively. Protostrongylus rufescens was not recovered. Animals in medium and good body condition (OR= 44.6, 95% CI (8.1, 284.2); OR=282.9, 95% CI (44.9-1779.4)) and de-wormed groups of animals (OR=25.6 95% CI (8.2, 78.6)) had higher odds ratio as protective factors. Though there was minor prevalence difference among age groups and sex, the difference was insignificant (p>0.05). However, Menze breed and exotic cross breed had significant difference in univariable (P<0.05) but insignificant (P>0.05) in multivariable logistic regression analysis. Therefore, breed considered as confounding factor. The study revealed that lungworm is very important and high prevalence of verminous pneumonia was due to two lung worm species. Regular and strategic de-worming has significant impact in controlling parasite infection. The situation dictates’ that prompt action has to be implemented by organizing stakeholder in the area particular and in the country in general.

The records of 1367 crossbred cattle sired by 112 bulls were analysed to estimate breeding values and to compare various methods of sire evaluation viz. BLUP, LSM and sire evaluation methods on the basis of age at first calving, first service period, first lactation period, first dry period, and first calving interval. The average breeding value for FLMY. FLL, AFC, FCI, and FDP were estimated as 1711.63 kg, 320.38 days, 1299.54 days, 524.25 days and 207.60 days by method, 1941.16 kg, 321.60 days, 1287.12 days, 514.86 days and 195.57 days by LSM method and 1890.06 kg, 313.70 days, 1281.25 days, 508.56 days and 194.46 days by BLUP method. The accuracy, efficiency and stability of EBV’s of sires for the first lactation and lifetime traits were compared by different methods to judge their effectiveness. The estimated breeding values of sires for all the first lactation traits by , LSM and BLUP revealed that EBV’s of sires estimated by least squares method showed smaller genetic variation in comparison to and BLUP methods. The LSM was adjudged as the most efficient method of sire evaluation. The LSM had minimum error variance for most of the first lactation traits and considered to be more superior over other two methods i.e., and BLUP. The product moment correlations among the estimated breeding value of sires for first lactation traits by , LSM and BLUP methods ranged from medium to very high and significant (P<0.01) in all the three methods of sire evaluation. The rank correlations among the breeding value of sires estimated based on first lactation traits were medium to high and significant (P<0.01). The results indicated that least square method (LSM) had the lower error sum of square for all the first lactation traits and least square method (LSM) is relatively more accurate as compared to best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) method but not overall. The LSM had higher R2 value for the first lactation traits as 40.50% (FLMY), 18.17% (FLL), 23.94% (FCI), 24.59% (FDP) and 48.47% (AFC) than the BLUP method. The estimated R2 values are less which indicates that both methods are less suitable for present data. Therefore as for as stability is concerned among the methods of sire evaluation, the LSM method was most stable being its CV (%) which is closest to the CV (%) of unadjusted data. The rank correlations obtained were highest and statistically significant (P<0.01) and ranged from 0.74 ( and BLUP) to 0.88 ( and LSM). The highest rank correlations among the breeding values estimated from different methods revealed that rankings of sires were similar to the extent of 74 to 88 per cent from these methods of sire evaluation.

Background: Although the studies of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs-mediated hepatic dysfunctions has been found to be of great interest to several literatures, a little is known about that of lornoxicam and its possible natural antioxidant herbal therapy.

Objective: The present study aimed to delineate whether intramuscular injection with lornoxicam mediated liver oxidative stress and hepatic degeneration or not, with the same line in an attempt to develop new herbal therapy with basil oil and Moringa oleifera to screen their possible curative and hepatoprotecive impacts.

Methods: 28 adult male albino rats were divided into 4 groups; 7 rats per each. Control, lornoxicam-treated group: rats injected intramuscular with lornoxicam at a dose of 1.4 mg/kg/day. Lornoxicam+M. oleifera -treated group: rats daily exposed to co-administration of lornoxicam and aqueous leaves extract of M. oleifera (500 mg/100 gm b.w/day). Lornoxicam+basil oil- treated group: co-administration of lornoxicam and basil oil (3 ml/kg b.w/day). Results: After two weeks of experiment, our findings revealed that Lornoxicam significantly P<0.05 increased serum GPT, GOT and ALP decreased glutathione and antioxidant enzymes, Paraoxonase/arylesterase activity along with elevation in percentage of DNA fragmentation, sialic acid content, butyryl cholinesterase and myeloperoxidase activity. Meanwhile, Basil oil and M. oleifera increased antioxidants activity, decreased DNA fragmentation and down regulate caspase-3 expression. Both herbs showed relative hepatic architectural improvements against lornoxicam induced liver damage.

Conclusion: Overall, this article summarizes recent knowledge on lornoxicam- induced hepatic damage and provides new insights into therapeutic ability of basil oil and M. oleifera leaves.

The occurrence and severity of tumor, which is caused by many factors and etiological agents, become rapid and its distribution is worldwide that lead to death of many individuals. In order to avoid associated complications scientists discovered a means for the removal of tumor using oncolytic virus called virotherapy. This review is aiming to give highlight about the current advancements on the significance of oncolytic viruses in the treatment of tumor cells. Oncolytic viruses carry the promise to efficiently target cancer cells for destruction and spread throughout tumor tissue to reach distant loci without causing collateral damage to healthy tissues. Current oncolytic virotherapy strategies are based on the common molecular mechanisms of viral infection and cell transformation, like apoptotic dysregulation and cell cycle disruption. In this regards this time scientists is being done active research to improve the accessibility, safety and efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy.

Wild pigs are found to be the most prolific, very intelligent and secretive. These animals are adaptive ecological generalists and survive in wide range of habitats worldwide. The reproductive traits of wild pigs are extraordinary showing high prolificacy. Corticosteroids can exert inhibitory and facilitory effects on reproduction. In order to assess the attributable stress on reproduction a non-invasive method of assessing faecal glucocorticoid metabolites was applied in this study. Samples from wild pigs from three different regions were collected and were subjected to Enzyme Linked Imuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the effect of stress on reproduction in wild pigs. Corticosteroids may act at the level of the ovary to suppress aromatase activity and thereby reduce the elevated circulating estrogens considered by many to be responsible for hyper secretion of Lutenizing Hormone (LH). Interestingly the acute level of stress is found to be facilitory and the chronic found to be inhibitory.

Lymphoid tumors comprise one of the most common groups of tumors in domestic animals. Lymphosarcoma is expressed as a specific multicentric form in calvesupto six months of age (sporadic) and in adult cattle (enzootic); and as thymic form in young cattle. Eight calves of both sexes aged below six months were necropsied in the department of veterinary Pathology, college of Veterinary Science, Tirupati. During necropsy impression smears, represented tissue samples were collected for Cytopathology, histopathology, AgNOR count and immunohistochemical studies. Cytological smears revealed lymphocytes, prolymphocytes and lymphoblasts with anaplastic changes. Histopathologically, partial to complete obliteration of architecture due to the replacement of normal tissue by lymphoblastic cells in lymphnodes and other visceral organs. The mean AgNOR count of the lymphosarcoma was 4.25 and it appear as a round to irregular, dark brown to black dots of varying sizes in the nuclei. Positive expression of PCNA and Ki67 was noticed in lymphnode, liver, kidney and lung was observed. The labeling index of PCNA and Ki-67 expression and distribution of immunopositive cells may be helpful in the early diagnosis and prognosis of malignant tumors. Hence, AgNOR, PCNA and Ki-67 indices can be used as reliable markers of cell proliferation and malignancy.

Retrospective records of suspected cases of rabies were retrieved from Veterinary Hospitals in Osun, Ekiti, Ogun and Oyo states in south-west Nigeria; to establish the number of clinically suspected cases reported between January 2009 to December 2013. Preserved brain specimens from dogs suspected of rabies submitted to the Veterinary Hospitals in Ogun and Oyo states were collected for rabies antigen test using the Direct Rapid Immuohistochemistry Test (DRIT). Key informant interview (KII) was conducted in these hospitals on the routine performance of case confirmation through laboratory methods which involve sample collection, preservation and transport to nearby laboratories. Veterinary Hospitals in Osun, Ekiti, Ogun and Oyo states respectively had six, two, five and four cases of rabies reported within the period under study. Retrieved records revealed that only 5.9% (1/17) of diagnosis made were based on a confirmatory laboratory test. Of all the 47 brain specimens that were subjected to DRIT, 12.8% (6) of the specimens were indeterminable while 10.6% (5) of the specimen tested positive for rabies antigen. The KII revealed that 86.7% (13/15) of the interviewee claimed the Veterinary hospital where they work diagnosed rabies based on the history and presentations of clinical signs. Specimens for diagnostic purposes were reportedly not collected from suspected cases at respective Veterinary hospitals. Only 33.3% (2/15) of the interviewee claimed the Veterinary hospital where they work were involved in habitual specimen collection but were usually restrained by inadequate power, transport and facilities for preserving specimens in their respective Veterinary hospitals. Findings in this study clearly show that rabies is still prevalent in the south-west Nigeria. The findings also show that methods of storage of specimens from suspected rabies cases are poor.

This study was conducted between November 2010 to April 2011 to estimate the prevalence of lungworm infection in small ruminants, determine the parasite species and identify the potential risk factors in and around Wolaita Soddo town, Southern Ethiopia. Faecal samples were collected from 360 randomly selected small ruminants (204 sheep and 156 goats) and processed with the modified Baerman technique for the extraction of first stage larvae. Overall, 45 (22.1%) sheep and 30 (19.2%) goats were found infected with lungworms. No significant difference was observed in the prevalence of lungworm infection between sheep and goats (p>0.05). Dictyocaulus filaria was the single lungworm species identified in both sheep and goats. The risk factors analyzed were sex, age, management system (zero-grazing or free-ranging), deworming history and body condition score (BCS). Management system, deworming history and BCS were significantly associated with the prevalence of D. filaria infection in sheep and goats (p<0.05 for each factor). It was observed that the prevalence was significantly higher in extensively managed/free-ranging (OR=4.6 in goats), poorly conditioned (OR=5.3 in sheep; 6.1 in goats) and nondewormed (OR=4.8 in sheep; 6.1 in goats) animals. Sex and age had no significant effect on the occurrence of D. filaria infection (p>0.05). In conclusion, the association of lungworm infections with the management system and deworming status of the animals in the present study are as expected. The association of infection with BCS requires further research to investigate if improving the nutritional status, thereby improving BCS, will result in lower prevalence of lungworm infection. Also, as the present sample size is thought to be small, further study with a larger sample size is required to determine the effect of age and host species difference in susceptibility to lungworm infection. One of the limitations of this study is that it is a one season survey and thus, a further year-round investigation is warranted to establish the association between seasonal variation and infection.

Neurologic lesions in dogs may have countless causes and can occur, for example, in cervical region. Two different motor systems can be affected and, either one, can seriously compromise the animal’s autonomy. In both cases, functional neurorehabilitation has been included in these cases treatment plan. In the present master dissertation, we aimed to evaluate how the success in the rehabilitation of these animals can be influenced by the dog’s characteristics, the disease, the type of treatment and the time elapsed between the initial lesion and the start of the functional neurorehabilitation. A clinical study was performed, with 22 dogs with diagnosed cervical neurologic lesion. Conservative or surgical treatment was performed and the dogs were subjected to a functional neurorehabilitation protocol, elaborated at the Centro de Reabilitação Animal da Arrábida, where the type of lesion, patient characteristics, deficits presented at the entrance and exit from the Center and time elapsed between the lesion and the entrance and the exit of the Center, were evaluated. There were no significant differences between the affected motor systems and the deficits presented or recovery time. Still, the type of treatment was related with etiology, where, generally, congenital and traumatic cases have been submitted to conservative treatment, while surgical treatment was mostly performed in degenerative and multifactorial cases. In concerning to deficits at the entrance of the Center and the type of treatment, surgical management was mostly applied in non-ambulatory tetraparesic patients, while conservative management was mostly performed in tetraplegic dogs or with other neurologic deficits. We conclude that functional neurorehabilitation had a primary role in this patient’s recovery, allowing 72.8% returning to functionality and regain autonomy, avoiding a more radical outcome.

The objective of this paper was rapid assessment of major health problem for disease mapping on integrated water shad management system and the study was undertaken in farmers dissection group formed in the water shade delineated site ojojie model water shade. As to livestock production constraint disease challenge was most important next to feed and indigenous breed genetic performance in the management system. In the area as to the major livestock production constraint season play great role in association with rainfall pattern. Overstocking in the pasture and traditional husbandry practice provoke livestock disease challenge and outbreak in the management system. For the herd entry and exit rout birth, market, family gift, outbreak mortality (natural death lose) and government and NGO program was identified as the main source for disease and infection challenge in the management system. Seasonal disease distributions and livestock production variation is manly associate with the disease enzootic stability, feed gap, and environmental condition variability. The study was first report to the area can be used as bench mark for disease laboratory diagnosis and conformation.

Aquaculture is growing rapidly worldwide than all other food animal producing sectors but the status of aquaculture in Ethiopia is less developed, limited data and experience are available. But still widespread belief in the country that the potential will raise with newly increasing water bodies, great attention gained from government and opportunities gained for the market because of dramatically changing eating habit in the country. A great challenge in the processes of fish production is the appearance and development of fish diseases. Vaccination is an important disease management strategy used to maintain human and animal health worldwide. Vaccines developed for aquaculture have reduced antibiotic use in fish production. Currently, vaccines are available for some economically important bacterial and only few vaccines for viral diseases and no vaccine developed for fish parasites and fungus. Major limitations in fish vaccine developments are less understanding of fish immunology, many vaccines unlicensed, not cost effective (expensive) and stressful on administration. It is hoped that next generation vaccines relied on multiple killed antigens delivered with an adjuvant to enhance vaccine effectiveness. The present review will focus on the present status of fish vaccination for controlling fish diseases, and shows the needs and directions for future investigations. New vaccination strategies, aquaculture expansion and disease investigation center should be initiated in Ethiopia. Strong coordination should be created between pharmaceutical companies and academic research for a better development of live fish vaccines.

A study was conducted from November 2011 to April 2012 Dale Wabera and Dale Sadi Districts of Kellem Wollega Zone of western Oromia. The objectives of the study were to assess the owners' perception on the impact of Trypanosomosis and its control, determine the prevalence of bovine Trypanosomosis and to assess the distribution and apparent densities of vectors of the Trypanosomosis. Blood samples from a total of 589 cattle randomly selected indigenous zebu cattle from 6 peasant association were taken and examined with conventional hematological and parasitological techniques. Among the total cattle examined 51(8.7%) animals were found to be positive for trypanosomosis infection. Most of trypanosome positive cases were due to Trypanosoma congolense which accounted for 86.3% and T.vivax which was 9.8%. Eventhough there were variation of infection rates within different age groups and body condition. Mean packed cell volume (PCV) of a parasitaemic animals were significantly lower than those of aparasitaemic (P<0.05). For entomological survey, a total of 100 monoconical traps were deployed in 6 PAs. The apparent density of tsetse flies caught was 4.8 fly per trap per day. A total of 105 villagers were interviewed of which 56 were from Dale Wabera and 49 from Dale Sadi Districts. Based on the interview result, trypanosomosis is the most common disease of livestock disease. About 97% of respondents knew as tsetse flies are transmitter of the disease, about 87.6% of respondents indicate that the sources of trypanocidal drugs are veterinary clinic, while the remaining was bought from private legal and illegal shops. Most of the farmers (88.6%) brought their animal to the veterinary clinic and treat them by animal health science personnel while about 7.6% of farmers were treated by themselves at home. The diminazine aceturate and Isometamidium chloride are the commonly drugs used to treat trypanosomosis.