கால்நடை அறிவியல் & தொழில்நுட்பம்

This study assessed the impact of replacing Soybean Meal (SBM) with Rapeseed Meal (RSM) on the performance of lactating dairy cows with a focus on meals’ potential for utilizable Crude Protein (uCP) supply at the duodenum. Four samples of SBM and two types of RSM were used in an in vitro experiment and the uCP of the samples was estimated. In the second experiment, nine Holstein dairy cows were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square design in which three experimental diets (differing in SBM to RSM ratio) were fed to the cows for the duration of 21 days. There was a significant difference in the effective uCP between treatments in all rate of passages (p<0.001) and the effective uCP of pelleted RSM was significantly higher than the other protein meal samples. In case of soybean meals (except the outflow rate of 1% per hour), maximum and minimum of effective uCP were observed in one of the pelleted and powder SBMs, respectively. Dry matter intake, milk yield and compositions were not affected by the mentioned treatments. However, blood urea nitrogen was significantly greater (p<0.01) in the cows fed only by SBM than other groups. Cows consumed RSM significantly excreted lower urinary nitrogen compare to animals fed with SBM (p<0.01). Overall, lowering CP level in the diet of lactating dairy cows by using similar euCP supply from RSM as an alternative for SBM, decreased nitrogen losses with no influence on the animal performance.

The aim of this work was to study the relationship between meteorological parameters (relative humidity, rainfall, temperature and wind speed) and rumen environment (pH and temperature) in extensively reared Lidia cattle. Five four year old Lidia breed bulls have been used. All the animals received 10 kg of a TMR (total mixed rations, ratio forage:concentrate 33:67) per animal and day, supplied by means of unifeed wagon once a day. The bulls had free access to a pasture (dehesa) area of 17 hectares. Rumen pH and temperature ruminal were continuously measured using a wireless internal pH and temperature probe. Meteorological parameters (temperature, humidity, rainfall and wind speed) were registered and provided by the AEMET (State Agency of Meteorology). The correlations were performed using the software SPSS 16.0 for Windows. It has been observed that rainfall, relative humidity and temperature have a relationship with rumen environment. Conversely, wind speed does not seem to influence the rumen conditions (pH and temperature).

Wastewater generated at the MVZ Academic Research Unit (NAIP), located at the University of La Paz in Barrancabermeja Santander. It was an environmental problem, due to the non-compliance with the values of the pollutant load.

For the NAIP, wastewater treatment, there was a conventional system, which was a septic tank, the heat was not at its peak, the lack of maintenance was evident and so the poor state in which it was. Therefore, it is urgent and necessary to fix and complement the system.

The methodology used in this project was based on the consultation of different sources of bibliographical information and field observation, in order to analyze everything related to the optimization process of the wastewater treatment system of the NAIP and generate positive solutions in Pro to minimize the environmental problem.

This project contemplated as the first phase, the evaluation of the initial state of the system, where parameters were analyzed in laboratory in accordance with Resolution 631 of 2015; These results show that this system improves the increase of the percentage of removal required by the environmental regulations, so that the optimization alternatives were proposed and implemented in the different stages of this treatment system, which plants are found in this work of degree.

After knowing the initial state of the treatment system, a pre-treatment was designed and implemented, which is a screening system, optimized and adapted to a septic tank to be used as a primary treatment, it now works as a sedimentation tank, And as a secondary treatment we proposed a biological alternative, which are two artificial subsurface flow wetlands in series with Heliconia psittacorum and Typha angustifolia, completing and complementing the conventional treatment system found.

Once the system is finished, follow the following respectful for five months, recording the adaptation of the plants, checking the operation of the tank and performing the cleaning of the screening system. At the end of this adaptation period, the following evaluation of the efficiency of the system was carried out, checking its decontamination range, which was 96% to 99% for removal of BOD5, COD, SST, SSED and GA; Obtaining decreases of DB5 and COD from 6280 mg O2/L and 13007 mg O2/L up to 25 mg O2/L and 67 mg O2/L (respectively).

The objective of this study was to determine and evaluate the protein and energy metabolism at different times of the day in Blackbelly x Pelibuey hair sheep during the rearing stage. The animals were under free grazing conditions in the Ecuadorian Amazon Region. We studied 9 ewes belonging to the flock of the Centre for Research, Postgraduate Studies and Conservation of Amazonian Biodiversity. They were reared under the same environmental, nutritional and management conditions. Serial samples were taken over 3 consecutive days at different times. A significant difference (p ≤ 0.5) was observed between the sampling days for glucose, urea and total proteins. In the sampling schedule, significant differences were found (p ≤ 0.5) for glucose. It can be concluded that both the day and the time of sampling affect the concentrations of protein and energy metabolites in Blackbelly x Pelibuey ewes reared under free grazing conditions in the Ecuadorian Amazon Region.

A cross-sectional study to investigate Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) seroprevalence was conducted between November 2014 and May 2015 in selected districts of Siltie and Gurage zones, south region, Ethiopia. A total of 390 serum samples were collected from sheep and goats. Competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (c-ELISA) was used to detect the presence of antibodies in the sera of animals as indicator of exposure to the PPR virus. The total apparent prevalence was found to be 29.2% (114/390), indicating the spread of PPR virus throughout the study areas with silti and meskan districts experiencing the prevalence of 24.2% and 33%, respectively. Study animals were categorized into two age groups as young and adult, with prevalence of 25.9% and 31.8%, respectively. Out of total 390 samples, 240 serum samples were from male and 150 serum samples from female with prevalence of 29.6% (71/240) and 28.66% (43/150), respectively. In the two animal species the distribution of PPR virus was observed with the prevalence of 24.2% (46/190) in sheep and 34% (68/200) in goats. Statistically significant difference (p<0.05) was observed between the two study areas and species whereas, the seroprevalence of PPR was statistically insignificant (p>0.05) in other hypothesized risk factors. This study revealed circulation and subsequent endemic establishment of PPR in sheep and goats in the selected study areas. This disease is detrimental to small ruminant welfare and causes substantial economic losses, thereby affecting the livelihood of poor farmers and pastoralists. The need for implementing feasible control measures is, therefore, eminent to minimize the losses associated with the disease.

Dourine a venereal transmitted trypanosomosis is endemic in Ethiopia and is the major health problem threatening equines worldwide. A cross-sectional study design and purposive sampling were used from November 2014 to June 2015 to identify clinical cases of dourine infected horses. Twelve mares with typical signs of dourine and serologically positive with CATT/T. evansi were identified. Despite attempts made to isolate the parasite using woo test, no trypanosomes were detected in all of examined blood samples. Among the serum samples which were taken from clinically dourine suspected mares and tested positive using CATT/T. evansi, 10 positive serum samples were selected purposively. Similarly 10 CATT negative serum samples were taken purposively from horses which were apparently healthy and in good body condition as control group. In such a manner serum samples collected were divided into two groups containing 10 negative (apparently healthy group) and 10 positive serum samples. Even though, not significant variation (p>0.05), a relative increase were observed in the mean values of total protein, AST, ALT and ALP while the mean level of albumin showed a relative decrease in infected group compared to healthy one. Therefore, the effect of infection with Trypanosoma equiperdum on the serum biochemicals should be done in the future by increasing sample sizes and considering early/acute and late/chronic stage.

Hydatidosis is a widespread parasitic disease posing a significant public health and economic burden in developing countries. Abattoir survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis (CE) in cattle, its organ distribution and to estimate financial loss due to organ condemnation. A total of 662 cattle originated from four different areas Ethiopia were examined during routine meat inspection. Bovine CE was observed in more than a half (51%) of all cattle studied. The prevalence of CE was significantly associated with the origin of the cattle and study month. Area specific prevalences were 44% (n=386) in Arsi, 30% (n=91) in Borana, 85% (n=80) in Jimma and 67% (n=105) in Mi’eso. The lowest prevalence (32%) was observed in February and the highest prevalence (75%) was observed in December. Of the animals positive for hydatid cyst (n=335), in 70% of them had cysts were found in the lungs followed by the liver (30%). Out of 386 multiple cysts observed 74% (285/386) of them were fertile and the remaining 26% (101/386) were calcified cysts. Bovine CE was estimated to cause a total financial loss of 3,353.77 US$ annually due to organ condemnation. The high prevalence of cystic echinococcosis observed warrants the need for appropriate control measures to reduce the public health and economic impacts of the disease.

Rationale: Big felids including the Panthera genus are under tremendous stressful conditions that threaten the very existence of wild populations around the world. Survivability is commonly linked to numerous factors such as poaching, habitat fragmentation, inbreeding depression and lack of prey. A crucial element that is used to mitigate endangerment risk is the enhancement of reproductive performance with the use of assisted reproductive technologies. Amongst them is computer assisted sperm analysis (CASA) that digitally evaluates the kinematics of individual spermatozoa. Regrettably, this powerful tool is overlooked in all big felids due to the lack of a universal setting.
Objective: To conduct a comparative CASA with several species modules and to deploy it for the first time in the critically endangered Arabian leopard.
Results: The progressive motility was variable amongst all settings, whereby the highest in the bovine standard (82.9%), lowest in the stallion setting (12%), subjective (85%) and average at 50.1%. The combination of all motility parametrics, indicate a progressive joining of two minor and two major clusters with a very high distance of 93% and a linkage space of approximately 42%. This in turn demonstrate notable divergence of two important kinematic settings.
Conclusion: The current study illustrates the inconsistent and incompatible readings amongst various CASA species modules. This affirms the urgent need to establish CASA exclusively customized for the Panthera genus to maximize the reproductive potential.

Food served to patients at hospitals should be free from chemical contaminants such as heavy metals and antibiotics. This study was taken to estimate the residual concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and arsenic (As) in raw and cooked beef and chicken served at Zagazig university hospitals, Egypt. Dietary intake and health risk assessment were calculated for the examined metals. Furthermore, antibiotic residues were screened in the collected samples using the four plate method. Oxytetracycline residues were further quantitativly estimated in the positive samples. The achieved results indicated contamination of the examined samples with metals in different percentages. The recorded concentrations were higher than the maximum permissible limits for Pb, Cd and As. Cooking did not significantly alter the load of the metals. Antibiotic residues were detected only in raw meat and chicken and disappeared after cooking. Strict control measures should be adopted to food served in hospitals.

The prevalence of bovine mastitis in France was established using 11 publications covering the period 1995- 2012. The papers involved epidemiological surveys or treatment trials. Bacteriological analyses were performed on 777, 923 and 2341 aseptically collected quarter milk from acute, clinical and subclinical mastitis respectively. Escherichia coli and Streptococcus uberis were the most prevalent pathogens in acute and clinical mastitis whereas Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative staphylococci were the most frequently isolated pathogens in subclinical mastitis. The prevalence of Corynebacterium bovis and Streptococcus agalactiae was low whatever the severity of mastitis. The epidemiological data could be useful in the choice of treatment and provide indicators for future research with a view to developing new efficient vaccines. The susceptibility of 240 isolates (80 Streptococcus uberis, 80 Staphylococcus aureus, 80 Escherichia coli) isolated in 2013 from aseptically collected quarter milk from clinical and subclinical mastitis to 12 antimicrobial agents was determined by measuring their minimal inhibitory concentrations. Overall resistance levels were very low except for S. aureus towards penicillin G (21.3%) and for Str. uberis towards tylosin and cloxacillin (respectively 13.8% and 32.5%).

Several efforts have been made to eradicate bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) in Korea. However, there is still insufficient information on how the BVD virus (BVDV) affects bovine abortion. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of BVDV, and age of fetuses with BVDV infection in 350 aborted fetuses from 314 farms submitted to the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency in Korea from 2008-2017. Histopathologically, all fetal tissues were autologous, or had no specific lesions. BVDV was detected in 83 (23.7%) fetuses from 77 (24.5%) farms by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and revealed more than 30% higher detection rates in Chungnam and Gyeongbuk provinces compared to other regions, based on both total data and farm-associated analyses. Estimated age of fetuses with BVDV infection by converting the measured crown-rump length into fetal age showed that most cases occurred with abortions being induced during fetal period considered to be middle and late stage abortions. These results suggest that in order to successfully eradicate BVD in Korea, control programs such as vaccination and enhanced biosecurity should be applied to prevent fetal infections.

Traditional medicine has been utilized by the majority of the world population for thousands of years. Herbal medicines make up an important component of the traditional medicine and widely used as alternative or complimentary medications in most part of the world. Because of the growing problem of antibacterial resistance to commonly used antibiotics and the increasing prevalence of non-infectious diseases like diabetes and cancer, most researchers are switching their search for newer and alternative compounds to these potential plants. Ginger is one of the classic examples of herb used for unique therapeutic significance owing to its endowed nutraceutical compounds. The plant is extensively and widely studied for its medicinal value and botanical behavior. This review paper briefly summarizes for wider readers the presumed therapeutic potential of ginger both for human and animal diseases.

A cross sectional study was conducted from November 2014 to April 2015 in selected dairy farms in and around Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia with the objective of isolating and identifying Escherichia coli from raw cow’s milk and determining its antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. From a total of 300 raw milk samples collected, 75 (25%) were found to be positive for E. coli organisms by culture method. Among the potential risk factors, stage of lactations (x2=149.677; P=0.000), age groups (x2=6.010; P=0.04) and parity numbers (x2=11.594; P=0.009) were found significantly associated with occurrence of E. coli. The highest percentage of E. coli isolates were found from cows’ milk with early stage of lactation 53 (84.1%) and from cows with four and above parity number 43 (32.8%). On the other hand, the association between different farms were not statistically significant (x2=5.712; P=0.222.) with the occurrence of E. coli organisms. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern revealed that all the isolates were found to be 100% susceptible to gentamicin followed by kanamycin (92%), sulphamethoxazole- trimethoprim (76%); were found to be 100% resistant to penicillin G followed by amoxicillin (84%) and tetracycline (60%). Therefore, gentamicin, kanamycin and sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim were found to be the most effective drugs against E. coli. To safeguard the quality of raw milk, people engaged in milk and dairy production chain should be trained for hygienic practices.

Eight atlas shepherd bitch tow years old and weighing between 14 and 16 kg have received a heat induction treatment with bromocriptine (Parlodel® 2.5 mg Breakable tablet Box of 30 tablets). The dosage adapted for the dog was 1.25 mg/15 kg body weight per day for a heat induction. The heats were followed from the 5th day of proestrus and during estrus to the canine clinical pathology of veterinary institute Ibn Khaldoun University of Tiaret between January 2014 and January 2015. For the diagnosis of ovulation the vaginal smears and ultrasound of the ovaries were combined with the proportioning of progesterone. No structural anomaly of ovaries and no genital infection were observed on clinical examination. The aim of this study is: To answer the question: Can Bromocriptine treatment induce ovulatory heat? All bitches (8/8) showed vulvar loss between day 21 and day 40 of Bromocriptine treatment. 89% (7/8) bitches exhibited a significant positive chronological evolution between the progesterone blood level and eosinophilic index and diameter of ovaries in. The ovarian diameter in 100% (8/8) bitches was 19 +/- 2.07 mm at the moment of ovulation.

Q fever is a zoonosis caused by Coxiella burnetii, an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium. Q fever is usually subclinical, but is occasionally associated with abortion in ruminants. Two cases of abortion, one in a goat and the other in a cow, were reported to the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency for diagnostic testing. Histologically, suppurative placentitis was apparent in both cases and more severe in the goat than in the cow. C. burnetii antigens were detected by polymerase chain reaction of DNA from various tissue extracts and antibodies were detected in the sera in both cases. To our knowledge, this is the first report of bovine and caprine abortion caused by C. burnetii in South Korea.

The objective of this work is to know the dynamics in the bull ruminal environment (pH and temperature) during the traditional Spanish bullfighting (maximum productive performance) and its previous and later moments. For this, rumen environment of three Lidia bulls has been monitored during the bullfighting and its settings. The bullfighting affects rumen environment by lowering pH and rising temperature. Rumen temperature increases as time progresses as a consequence of physical activity, starting to decrease just after bullfighting. On the contrary, rumen pH does not seem to be correlated to temperature or time.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different methods of physical processing of pea (Pisum sativum) on ruminal and intestinal digestion and protein fractionation using in vitro techniques. Raw pea unprocessed contain 95.8 dry matter, 22.9 crude protein, 35.4 NDF, 6.5 ADF, 6 crude fat and 1.2 minerals % per DM. Physical processing of raw peas was done using four methods 1: Soaking the peas in water, 2: Autoclaved pea for different times, 3: Microwaving of peas for 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 minutes at 1000 watts and 4: Roasting peas for 30 minutes in a thermal tunnel. Among the various processing methods in this experiment, microwaved peas for 4 to 8 minutes and roasting caused to a reduction in NPN, rapidly degraded true protein (B1), and an increase in True protein with an intermediate degradation rate (B2) and true protein (TP). Comparing the effect of processing on digestibility of pea protein in the rumen and intestinal showed that roasting for 30 minutes at 100°C not only increased rumen degradable protein (RDP), but also increased the digestibility of protein in the small intestine.