வணிகம் மற்றும் பொருளாதார இதழ்

The study analyzed the bilateral foreign direct investment between GCC countries and developed economies using a Gravity Model. The study has applied a new approach to the panel data set on bilateral foreign direct investment flows between 6 GCC countries and 8 developed countries, from 2001 and 2012. GDP per capita for source countries and population of the source, and destination economies were almost positive and significant determinants of bilateral Foreign Direct Investment flows. Geographical proximity has exerted a significant positive influence on bilateral foreign investments. Investors may seek diversity in the investments and support GCC countries for foreign investment.

The COVID-19 outbreak hit the world economy with unprecedented consequences, which induced governments to intervene in the market and facilitate the recovery process. The bailout plans of advanced economies, though appropriate for short-term recovery, may have long-term adverse effects on budget discipline and inflationary expectations. Indeed, massive government interventions and bailouts will lead to huge amount of fiscal deficits, which may create inflationary expectations. The goal of this paper is twofold. First, it tries to estimate the effects of COVID-19 on economic growth, unemployment rate, consumption expenditures, industrial production, and GDP growth. Second, it tries to measure the long-term effects on budget deficit, and expected inflation, using Vector Error Correction (VEC) model with quarterly data for the period of 2009:1-2020:4 for the U.S. economy. The VEC model used in this study is superior to the VAR models used in previous studies. The estimated results in this study indicate that the budget deficit effect of this bailout will last at least for a period of five years and inflationary expectations will be lingering in the medium-term.

The Goods and Services Tax (GST) is the biggest tax reform of India. It has been adopted in over 160 countries and has now been implemented in India with the aim to replace all the indirect taxes such as service tax, VAT, luxury taxes, excise tax, etc., and bring them under a single taxation system. It has been introduced with the intent of reducing the burden of taxation on the manufacturer, brings transparency, eliminates the cascading of taxes and thereby help increase the country’s economic growth. However, since its inception, the Indian economy has been facing a slowdown in some key sectors. The following research tries to reason whether GST has played any major role in the current economic slowdown with a focus on the automotive industry.

Purpose: The aim of this research is to develop a theory, model and terminology that fit the Ethiopian Universities; by exploring facts from the CSR practice that held in Bule Hora University since its establishment.

Methods: The researcher adopts qualitative research approach to attain its objective. The relevant data collected through in-depth-interview from the respondents of the research. These are the University V/ Presidents, college deans, HoDs, students and community members addressed for the data collection purpose. The respondents are plotted by using the combination of the purposive and simple random sampling techniques. The data analysis has been done through the software called QDA light version 12.2.with Constant Comparative Analysis (CCA) to build the substantive theory and model.

Results: The research finding yield major results with regard to the practice of CSR in BHU. The results are focused on six different categories. These themes are knowledge meaning of CSR, practicability of CSR (various sub themes), CSR expectation, the changing scenarios in CSR practice, types and role of stakeholders, and terminology. The study reveals that there are bottleneck in the implementation of the concept CSR in BHU context such as lack of awareness, absence of comprehensive guideline to lead the tasks, there is no specific theory and model for the universities, etc. As a result, this study proposes three models. These are model for the USSR pyramid, USSR stakeholders’ model and USSR model.

Practical Implications: The studies have various implications for different stakeholders of the concept. The study addresses for policy makers, regulators, MoSHE, Ethiopian Universities, etc. It implies to formulate policy, regulation framework, procedures, rules, and policy implication framework. Moreover, for the Ethiopian Universities it has shown to maintain synchronized effort to use and disseminate the new CSR model and terminology.

Originality/Value: The study has its own original features other than prior researches that have conducted in the area. Newness of this specific article is new CSR terminology, CSR model, CSR stakeholders’ model and CSR pyramid that fit to the Ethiopian Universities.

The company has a limited legal capacity for the performance of any transaction and an attempt to perform any act beyond its legal capacity is ultra vires. The paper discourses the development of ultra vires doctrine in English company law. With this purpose, this piece unearths the canon of English courts judgments to pinpoint how and why the doctrine has been abrogated with time. The article demonstrates how the abrogation and modification of the objects clause have ended the doctrine of ultra vires in company law.

Over decades, manufacturing firms are struggling to remain competitive in an intense manufacturing industry. The struggle is due to increasing manufacturing companies dealing in similar or related products. Given the competitive dynamics in the manufacturing industry, firms are proactively searching for viable strategies to ensure profitability and survival. Scholars and management have jointly conducted studies to find amicable strategies influencing firms’ profitability. Whereas various studies have been conducted on profitability, majority of these studies were concerned with strategies directly influencing profitability with little attention on the mediating role of other strategies. Specifically, little is known on mediation studies in manufacturing industry. Despite strategies directly influencing profitability being established, firms’ are in receivership with several kicked out of business indefinitely. This study bridges the gap by considering the mediating role of risk management on outsourcing and profitability of manufacturing firms. A cross-sectional research design was adopted. Specifically, a partial mediation approach was adopted following Baron and Kenny mediation guidelines. Results from Med-Graph and Sobel tests proved that risk management significantly mediated the relationship between outsourcing and profitability (Sobel Z-value=3.441, p=0.002). Hence, firms are encouraged to embrace mediation strategies in ensuring profitability and survival in the competitive environment.

Ethiopian Youth Revolving Fund (YRF) loan was established with objective to provide financial and technical assistance to unemployed youths in alleviating their economic and social difficulties using the sustainably. However, the government and Oromia Credit and Saving Share Company (OCSSCo) reports showed that loan repayment was not performed as expected for the reason not yet been studied. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of socio-economic factors on loan repayment performance and sustainability of YRF. The data was collected from 328 respondents from five clusters of Oromia Administrative zones. The descriptive and inferential statistics (chi-square test of association) were used to check the association of independent variables and their effect on dependent. The findings show the existence of peer pressure to use the fund for search for employment than facing hardship in creating job, poor business performance, loan diversion, and wrong choice of business types were affected YRF loan repayment performance at less than 5% level of significance. Finally, the government is recommended to work on creating awareness in public on creating own job, reconsider inclusion of entrepreneurship and business courses in the educational curriculum. OCSSCo should to provide adequate training and guidance to borrowers on fund utilization and management and arrange micro-insurance. Alternatively, the government should redesign the fund utilization by establishing businesses with the fund; employ the youths in it selling shares for each unemployed youth being employed in the business and finally handover the business to the youth after assuring financial viability.

This paper outlines one of the pivotal ambiance issues cladding India is that of speck contamination from the ignition of hydrocarbon deposits. This has sincere fitness outcomes and with the swift ballooning in the fiscal stability these influences are expanding. Along with it, the expansion of monetary condition is a mandatory and strategy designers are anxious about the feasibility that contamination depletion actions could lower extension remarkably. When look back over centuries, the thesis of progress has walked a long distance. It commenced with an emphasis on monetary advancement and progress, and gradually has landed to a station where explorers, authorities and academicians are searching at more comprehensive designs of livelihood than just simple progress. Imperishable evolution, gradually, has become the most significant conception at present and supplies a more understandable meaning of progress, associating up bionomical amenities and standard of living with monetary advancement. Such a prototype move in a stage of less than a centenary is no less than innovation.

This study aims to identify the new contexts in which industrial, trade and innovation policies are being developed, with a focus on the changes inspired by the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The following questions will be investigated: What are the limits and impacts of industrial, trade and innovation policies from an Industry 4.0 perspective in Brazil and Portugal? The study is descriptive, being carried out through documental research and by using secondary data. As results, it highlights how industrial, trade and innovation policies in both countries were impacted by the crises that occurred in the period under analysis. Furthermore, there are limits to technological overflows and to an increase in the participation of both countries in global trade outside the logic of economic integration or insertion into blocks and free trade agreements.