வணிகம் மற்றும் பொருளாதார இதழ்

One of the key objectives of modern economics is to determine factors that influence the economic development. This paper, therefore, seeks to discuss entrepreneurship as one of the factors that influence the economy of a nation, either directly or indirectly. It is a fact that entrepreneurship plays a significant part in shaping the landscape of a country’s economy. Economists and policy makers recognize this fact. In fact, entrepreneurship is the engine of economic growth and it has come to be perceived as a catalytic agent for expansion and promotion of productive activities in every sphere of economic life all over the world. This research will focus on finding out how entrepreneurship influences the economy of Saudi Arabia. The paper will begin with a brief introduction of the topic before proceeding to present a comprehensive review of literature relevant to the topic. It will then proceed to present an overview of relevant variables used in determining the role played by entrepreneurship in the economy of Saudi Arabia. There will then follow a discussion on the disadvantages of entrepreneurship to the economy. The paper will end with a conclusion summarizing all the keys points discussed, research limitations, and recommendations for further research.

Social media nowadays is among the ‘best possibilities available’ to an item to get in touch with potential customers. Community social networking websites are the method to interact socially. These new media win the believe in of customers by linking with them at a deeper level. Community online marketing is the new mantra for several manufacturers since early a season ago. Promoters are considering many different social media possibilities and beginning to apply new social projects at a higher rate than ever before. Community online marketing and the companies that utilize it have become more sophisticated. One cannot afford to have no existence on the social programs if the competitor is creating waves with its solutions and items. The blast of social media trend is as amazing as that and the speed at which it is improving is frustrating. International companies have identified social media promotion as a potential promotion system, used them with enhancements to power their marketing with social media promotion. This paper discusses about the ideas of social media and social media promotion and other aspects like the development and advantages, aspect and importance of social media in promotion, social media promotion methods. It also presents an outline on social media promotion in Bangladesh.

The purpose of this study is to observe those factors which can affect the performance of banks in Pakistan due to business process reengineering BPR. This study has also tried to discuss the execution of business process reengineering (BPR) in the financial institutions of Pakistan. Pilot test was conducted to measure the test. SPSS is used to analyze the gathered information of banks. The results demonstrate that the dimensions of BPR are reliable and valid. The results are significant and execution of BPR was also found in various operations processes in the Banks of Pakistan.

This study investigates the causal-relationships between human capital and economic growth, and between infrastructure and economic growth in Arab World countries. The study covers the period from 1974 to 2013 using annual data obtained from the World Bank. Most importantly, the study uses advanced Granger causality for panel data with fixed coefficients which introduced by Venet and Hurlin. The full sample has been divided into a sub-groups according the income level, namely, rich countries and non-rich countries, to check if there any existence of the structural differences. The results indicate that the causal-relationships between variables of interest are highly heterogeneous in Arab World. However, there is a feedback relationship between human capital and economic growth and between infrastructure and economic growth in the full sample countries and rich countries group. Also, the results found a oneway causality running from economic growth to human capital and infrastructure in non-rich countries group.

The study examined the imperative of stock market on economic performance in Nigeria. The objective of the study were to examine the relationship between total value traded in the stock market, market capitalization, trade openness, inflation rate and economic growth in Nigeria. The study was basically time series data based relating to market capitalization, total value traded ratio, real GDP per capita, inflation rate and trade openness of the economy. The data was sourced from Nigerian stock exchange annual reports, CBN statistical bulletine, the Nigerian stock exchange fact book, World Bank database publication and publication from relevant plurals and articles. The study adopted the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) techniques of multiple  egression and co integration test. The E-view 7.1 econometric software was used to run the model. The coefficient of ECM appeared with the right sign and statistically significant at the 5% level. Therefore, it corrects any deviation from long-run equilibrium. Durbin Watson value of 2.3 which is approximately 2.0 suggests a lesser level of autocorrelation. The overall fit is satisfactory with an R-squared of 0.790. The F-statistic of 6.51706 is significant at the 5% level. Moreover, the lag one and two forms of the independent variables (Mcap, TVT and TOP) were positively signed. While the lag one and two forms of the independent variable (INF) are negatively signed. All these conform to apriority expectation. Based on the above findings, the study recommends that the government should implement the reforms already in place as this will boost the activities of the market.

The present study aimed to examine the relationships between the tendency to leave a job and the subtypes of the Job-related Affective Well-being Scale (JAWS) application, which was designed by Katwyk et al. This study examined the relationship between the perceptions of correctional officers of job well-being and their tendency to leave the job by surveying a sample of 154 correctional officers employed in the city prison system in Bursa, Turkey. The case of correctional officers is important to today's human resource management because the turnover rate for correctional officers is significantly higher than that of other public employees. The main hypothesis of the study was based on the expectation that the four subtypes of JAWS would show consistent and predictable correlations with a tendency to leave the job. The relationships between a tendency to leave the job and the four subtypes and the total JAWS were evaluated by correlation analyses and stepwise regression analysis. The results were discussed in relation to the validity of the Turkish version of JAWS. The findings of the present study showed significant relationships between a tendency to leave the job and Job Well-Being.

An individual’s behaviour is a function of attitude. An attitude is also a cognitive element; it always remains inside a person. Attitude influences the perception of objects and people, exposure to and comprehension of information, choice of friends and so on. It basically consists of the feeling a person has towards an object. The cognitive component represents the belief of a person about an object. It consists of individual’s perception beliefs and ideas about an object. The overt component is concerned with the way one intends to behave towards a particular object. Both the affective and cognitive components influence the way a person intends to behave towards an object. The study is based on primary data. Primary data have been collected from the selected entrepreneurs in the southern districts of Tamil Nadu. The attitude in the present study shows the level of satisfaction towards the operational performance of industrial estates.  

Human resource practices have prominently influenced employee behaviors and outcomes at work. This conceptual paper proposes motivations to explore employee training in depth to understand how its key component including need assessment, design, trainer, delivery, and evaluation can significantly contribute towards fostering post-training employee engagement. The paper has tried to model an opportunity for practitioners to understand how apart from other employee outcomes like motivation, commitment and performance; post-training work well-being can be also be enhanced through employee training function through maximum capitalization of the employee training components.

Numerous factors have been proposed to have influence over commitment to service quality; among some of those prominent factors are leadership styles that specifically include transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire. However, among the prominent studies on the said relationship; the reported results are contradictory. Therefore, it is suggested to incorporate a moderating variable to further explain this relationship. Present study proposes role clarity as a moderating variable on the relationship between transformational, transactional, laissez-fair leadership styles and commitment to service quality.

Drawing upon the element of training transfer, this present study investigates whether the reward and accountability act as influencing components for transfer of training. Questionnaire technique of the quantitative research approach was used for the primary data collection from the participants with different managerial positions from the various organizations coming to attend the training programs at National Institute of Labor Administration and Training (NILAT) Karachi, Pakistan. A total of 200 questionnaires were distributed in the numerous training programs at NILAT through using simple random sampling out of which, 128 were returned and 11 were further discarded. The final analysis of 117 respondents revealed a significant relationship between accountability and training transfer whereas the findings outline an insignificant relationship between reward and training transfer. The research indicates that accountability can significantly enhance the transfer of training whereas reward has proved to be in  significant in terms of training transfer, which is contrary to the previous research findings. Discussion to findings is provided along with particularized implications for management.  

The study evaluated the performance of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in Nigeria and Benin (1990-2009). The main analytical apparatus used to answer the research questions, achieve the research objectives and test the hypotheses of the study were: percentages, ratios, t-test, means, standard deviation and difference of means. The major goals of the programme as revealed by the study include: Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger; on this, the study found that Nigeria’s target for poverty / hunger eradication with respect to Proportion of population on belowD1 per day (%) is 21.35% (on or before 2015) but her average poverty rate as at 2009 was 56.74%. For Benin her target on this parameter is 28.70% and 51.98% (achievement rate). Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education; the study found that Nigeria’s universal education target with respect to Primary completion rate, both sexes is 100% just like that of Benin but she has achieved an average of 73.30% as at 2009 while Benin has achieved 63. 3% on this variable. Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Women Empowerment, on this the study found that, Nigeria has made more efforts in achieving the ratio of girls to boys in primary education than Benin having reached an average of 82.53% against Benin’s 64.60% (1990-2009). While Benin has made more impact in the share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector as she has achieved an average of 23.50% against Nigeria’s 18.89% (1990-2009). Therefore, for Nigeria and Benin to meet the goals in 2015 despite the global financial crisis, the study recommends that there is the need to formulate and implement policies that will promote transparency and accountability; overcome institutional constraints; promote pro-poor growth; bring about structural change and enhance distributive equity.

Business Intelligence is one of best way to analyze the critical capabilities of organization, but the implementation phases of these competences are frequently overwhelmed with tribulations. That’s why many projects of such capabilities fail, while others succeed. The basic purpose of this research is to identify the critical failure factors (CFF) in the pre implementation phase of Business Intelligent (BI) system and to test association between these critical factors. Small and Medium enterprises (SMEs) cannot be neglected in developing countries like Pakistan. They are chosen as target population because of its vital role in the development of economy such as creating employment opportunities, increasing GDP%, increasing the volume of export etc. Based on four hundred and fifty respondents, the barriers of cost are valuing among top five with highest value of mean which are additional cost associated with the managing BI, lack of financial resources, upfront cost, cost of obtaining BI software and setup cost respectively. This symbolizes the costing factor yet a foremost barrier in preponderance items in order to analyze BI in pre-implementation phase.

This study examines the influence of advertising on the profitability of public and private sector commercial banks over the period of 2008-2012. Bank’s profitability is measured in terms of return on equity (ROE). The data set includes yearly data for 21 banks operating in Pakistan for more than 10 years. The data has been obtained from the publications of State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) and Financial statements of commercial banks. The regression results show the positive and significant effects of advertising expenditure on Return on equity (ROE) for private sector banks than public sector banks.

The microfinance industry, over the past four decades has grown to become a major development tool of the world, both in terms of beneficiaries as well as the financial inputs that it received. The microfinance concept assumes that, ceteris paribus, credit to the poor, would lead to increased jobs, household well-being and poverty reduction. However, to date, no study has established a link between microcredit and wage employment, which is critical for poverty reduction. This paper argues that microcredit is critical for survivalist self-employment but it does not necessily lead to the creation of wage employment for the jobless. This evidence is from an assessment of how microcredit has contributed to business performance of the clients of the Upper Manya Krobo Rural Bank’s microcredit programme in the Eastern Region of Ghana. The paper is based on a doctoral research output that used mixed method approach to collect data from a sample of 420 exits, repeated and permanent microcredit clients. The paper is of the view that microcredit may not lead to paid employment but can help clients start, improve and expand micro-enterprises. Enterprise expansion in this context refers to adding other products/services similar to the existing activity rather than the clients establishing new employable wage enterprises for the jobless.

Today, Environment issues are seen everywhere in the world. These issues are very crucial i.e., global warming,waste disposal, climate change, and pollution etc. and influence our daily life. By this time many corporates are still hesitated to use green marketing practices even after government compulsion. The main reason for this is that firm still thinks that green marketing practice may increase their cost of production and reduce the profit. This article consists of some examples of the firms in india which are going green and fetching good amount of profit and customer satisfaction. Some golden rules are also given in the article for the companies going for green marketing. Some examples of the companies are also given in the article which is successful in reducing cost of production and improving the profit by green marketing like WIPRO, Infosys, Tata Metelik Limited, Maruti and Delhi CNG and Suzlon Energy. Green marketing is the marketing of goods and services that are presumed to be sold for environment. It involves an entire process of product manufacturing to supplying in market. Such as: raw material used in product, technology, packaging and distribution. It is also called ecological /sustainable/environmental marketing.