பயோ இன்ஜினியரிங் & பயோமெடிக்கல் சயின்ஸ் ஜர்னல்

Chloroplasts, the green powerhouses within plant cells, have emerged as promising targets for genetic manipulation to enhance crop productivity and stress tolerance. This paper delves into the fascinating world of chloroplast engineering, focusing on recent advances and their potential implications for sustainable agriculture. By harnessing the photosynthetic machinery and unique genetic characteristics of chloroplasts, researchers have made significant strides in addressing the challenges posed by a growing global population and environmental stresses. In this article, we explore the mechanisms behind chloroplast genetic manipulation, its applications in agriculture and the promising future it holds for food security and ecological sustainability.

Temporal interference, a concept that has long fascinated scientists and science fiction enthusiasts alike, delves into the intriguing idea of manipulating time itself. In this exploration, we will uncover the basics of temporal interference, its theoretical underpinnings, the potential consequences of meddling with time, and the ethical and philosophical questions that arise when we contemplate such a profound manipulation of reality. Temporal interference has captured the imaginations of storytellers for generations. In this section, we will explore how the concept has been portrayed in popular culture, from classic science fiction novels to blockbuster movies. These creative interpretations often blend scientific speculation with narrative drama, further fueling our fascination with the idea.

Molecular engineering plays a pivotal role in shaping the field of biotechnology, enabling the design and construction of genetic circuits for a wide array of applications. This article delves into the intricacies of molecular engineering in the context of genetic circuit design, encompassing both the principles and practical methodologies. With a focus on the past, present and future of genetic circuitry, this article explores the impact of these circuits in biotechnology. Key themes include the fundamentals of genetic circuit design, recent advancements, applications and potential future developments.

Background: Failures of endodontic treatment are mainly due to an untreated canal and ignorance of the practitioner about the anatomy of the canal system. The middle mesial canal is one such type of canal in mandibular molars which is often missed. The purposes of this retrospective study were:

1. To assess the frequency of the Middle Mesial Canals (MMCs) in the mandibular 1st molars and its anatomy configuration type in the Tunisian population using CBCT images.

2. To correlate the incidence of MMCs with variables of sex, age and presence of a second distal canal.

Methods: 123 CBCT images were obtained, between December 2013 to October 2019, from the database of the out-patient department, faculty of dentistry, Monastir University. Mesial canals number and mesial canals system configuration CBCT were evaluated by Gallileos Viewer. 196 mature permanent first mandibular molars were included in this study. CBCT images were examined to detect the number of canals and canal configuration. The mesial root canal morphology was categorized and compared according to Vertucci and the Pomeranz classification for the MMCs configuration.

Results: The incidence of the presence of MMCs in the first mandibular molars among the Tunisian population was 13.77% (27/196). The differences in the distribution of MMCs based on sex and presence of a second distal canal were not significant (p>0,05). While MMC configuration types showed 62,96% (17/27) confluent anatomy merging with either the mesio buccal or mesio lingual canals; 29,62% (8/27) fin anatomy and only 7.4% (2/27) showed independent MMCs with separate orifices and apical foramen. The most common mesial root canal morphological type was type II (3-2) (63, 63%). This study revealed that MMCs are located equidistant to both the mesio buccal and the mesio lingual canals in 16 cases (59,25%) and are located closer to the mesio buccal canals in 6 cases (22,22%). The frequency of the presence of third mesial canal in the mandibular molars decreases with age.

Conclusion: The MM canals prevalence in mandibular 1^st molars in the Tunisian population was 13.77%. CBCT can be a helpful method in the identification and negotiation of this canal.