வணிகம் மற்றும் பொருளாதார இதழ்

Since the 1965 immigration reforms that abolished discriminatory immigration quotas, a tremendous influx of immigrants from Latin America, Africa, and Asia to the U.S. has occurred. Accompanying this diversity in immigrant country of origin are new patterns of socioeconomic stratification. Chinese and Asian Indians are two rapidly growing immigrant groups in the U.S., and these groups are notable for attaining significant upward mobility. Scholars often neglect the significant heterogeneity within immigrant groups by focusing on broader stratification patterns between all immigrants, but data from the New Immigrant Survey shows differences in wealth attainment between Chinese and Indian immigrants as well as differences within each nationality. Results indicate that Indian immigrant households have higher wealth than Chinese households, and institutional access explains this difference. In addition, there are unique patterns of wealth attainment by immigrant group, although both Indian and Chinese immigrants with employment visas have significantly higher wealth than co-nationals with other visa status. The correlation between visa status and wealth is mediated by host country SES and financial institutional access for both immigrant groups.

Institutions constitute an incentive system that dictates and structures human interaction. The role of institutions thus becomes critical because they incentivize and de-incentivize actual and intended behavior of people, if they are effective, they structure and provide incentives and also structure economic, political and social activity. It is not only the economic world, social or political world in which we are living; rather we live in a world which is mixture of these. Institutions play an important role in reduction of uncertainty. Institutions are made of formal rules, informal constraints and the machinery for enforcement. Institutional arrangements in any evolving and developing economy is of paramount importance as it channelizes the terms of exchange between different players in economic arena, it also acts as an enabler in negotiating the transactions costs in market place, assists in reduction of probable uncertainties of production and trade, configure capital accumulation and its mobility, leverages the pricing and sharing of risks and above all structure cooperation. It has been established that the differences in economic health of a nation is not only because of the natural and technological endowments, instead it is because of the socio-economic and politico-legal order and the policies pursued by the government. The soviet context provides a unique opportunity to the researchers in macroeconomic area for investigating a natural economic experiment of this magnitude. The interplay of various institutions therefore needs to be investigated to map the past present and the future trajectories of progress and growth. In this paper an attempt has been made to understand the framework of the institutions in Uzbekistan, to evaluate their effectiveness and to explore what more needs to be done to in the institutional front. The study is exploratory in nature drawing inferences and interpretations from published web sources and data from business monitor international.

The growing interest of various economies in increasing and promoting the participation of their SMEs in international trade requires a revival of research into the internationalization processes of companies, especially those of small and medium enterprises. The objective is to provide extensive year and overall theoretical overview of the processes of internationalization of SMEs in Languedoc-Roussillon and, by extension, of those of French companies. From an empirical standpoint, we will verify the factoring that determines the internationalization process followed by these SMEs, according to their organizational structure and intangible considerations, in order to highlight their similarities and differences to from the various theoretical approaches. We will also determine whether firms with a low rate of international export may improve their performance solely through the development and management of some factoring in the Born Globals (internal variables). The export rate associated with international activity makes sense for thesis organisms. In fact, it has become a necessary strategic option in order to offset the drop in demand in exporting countries. In addition, a major challenge is exporting given the stiff competition in international markets from competitors with huge resources and very different export behavior.

Financial asset ownership is important for a large number of scholarly and practical reasons including for understanding saving propensities, risk taking, personal financial strategies, inequality, the flow of funds across national borders, and organizational marketing strategies. Yet we know little about group differences in approaches to owning various financial instruments. Chinese and Indian immigrants to the United States are large, growing, and diverse groups who are rapidly beginning to comprise a large portion of the U.S. population and whose unique financial asset ownership patterns offer insight into the factors that contribute to cross-group differences in this important behavior. The article studies how members of these two important groups own particular assets. Use data from the U.S. Census Bureau’s Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) and find that, Chinese and Indian immigrants do, indeed, exhibit unique asset ownership patterns when they are compared to native whites, African Americans, and other immigrants. Their ownership of stocks and mutual funds, interest-earning bank accounts, retirement accounts and whole life insurance. My findings demonstrate that age, tenure in the United States, education, and family traits are important meditating in the relationship between country of birth and financial asset ownership.

This paper discusses the theoretical perspectives of constructivistic-cognitivistic, phenomenographic and sociocultural learning in greater depths on their distinctive features focused on the central concepts of context, meaning and experience. Its aims to relate the concepts to one another within each perspective, and viewing the similarities and differences between these perspectives on the concepts. In light of this reflection, it would be purposeful to apply varied understanding to a learning milieu, thus providing epistemic and utilitarian value of such perspectives.

Oil is becoming the most prominent indicator of economic growth in Pakistan with increase of its demand. Also oil prices are doing their main contribution to impact the GDP of Pakistan including different shock dummies in data. In this study, Cobb-Douglas production function has used to construct three models by introducing three major sectors of oil consumption of Pakistan (Transport, Power and Industrial sector oil consumption) and Pakistan's oil price variable to investigate the impact on GDP. ADF(1979) and Johansen Maximum Likelihood method of cointegration (1988) are used to test the order of integration, Long run and short run dynamics between variable respectively using annual data since 1972-2011 in context of Pakistan. Through examining the results, the long run and dynamic relationship has detected for all the variables except industrial oil consumption and oil price variables for model has no short run impact on GDP. Oil prices impacting real GDP negatively in long run but positively in short run.

In the contemporary business world, the competition among firms is different from the past as this is understated which is little but very crucial. The firms are attempting for competitiveness that help them to hold more stable place in the market. The ideal route for firms to attain it is with the innovation. This paper explores the innovative and competitive strategies of firms and particularly discusses the significance of innovative products, services and procedures for them to attain competitiveness.

This article attempts to analyze the effect of gender inequality on economic growth using the GMM dynamic panel for the five countries of the Great Maghreb during the period 1985-2011.The results of this study lead us to demonstrate, one hand, a positive and significant at the 5% of the population effect on economic growth and on the other hand a statistically significant and negative in 10% of the investment on economic growth effect. In contrast, gender inequality has a significantly negative effect of 5%.

The purpose of this study is to determine the financial impacts of applying low-carbon projects stemming from the Kyoto Protocols on a sample of firms in the People’s Republic of China (PRC). By financial impacts we refer to the usual impacts on firms reflected in the financial reports of firms. The projects referred to as CDM aimed at reducing the demand and use of inefficient methods or producing and operating power generation resulting in high carbon emissions having negative effects on the ecology of the planet. We studied financial aspects of the projects to determine whether the sampled firms were harmed in a financial way by the implementation and results of the Kyoto sponsored projects. We do not cover all projects but a sample of those started and implemented in the PRC.

Service quality has become crucial to the banking institutions due to fierce competition. Banks may have their own environment specific barriers in procuring it. This study was the first-ever attempt to compare these barriers between Islamic and conventional banks. Primary data was collected through pretested adopted questionnaire, from the higher ranked banker. Through the technique of Cronbach Alpha the data validity was ascertained. One sample states that biggest barrier to service quality in banking industry is Human Resources (HR) environment. While independent sample test results that Islamic financial institutions are fortunate to face expressively less barriers than Interest bearing counterparts. Except in the case of personnel hiring, Islamic banks are having less meritocracy conventional banks. It was recommended that Islamic financial institutions must hire the staff with dual intellect of finance and Sharia to serve better quality. In Pakistan the Islamic banks are having an advantage and a disadvantage as compared to those in the Arab world. Advantage is the better empowerment of its employees and the experience sharing culture in the banks while the low level of economic development in Pakistan is responsible to bring about the financial constraints to augment the barriers in their way to deliver quality of service.

This paper investigates that from last several years, it became a question mark for the literature of academic and trade circles, why manufacturers are less powerful as compared to retailers. Our study provides a fresh fuel in the existing fire over the United States largest retailing corporation. However, our research provides a new dimension through innovative strategies and theories adopted by Wal-Mart and how retailers become more powerful. For this purpose, we take Wal-Mart as a case study in order to investigate several quarries. What are the reasons which make Wal-Mart so successful, unique, mergence and acquisition innovative capabilities? It also highlights the literary work done by historians on Wal-Mart and to examine the progress and different strategies of Wal-Mart in term of its success in retailing business. It is observed that most of expansion of Wal-Mart Inc. was through joint ventures; however in some countries such as Germany and Canada, it was by acquisition. Moreover, Globalization had a positive effect on Wal-Mart’s success and supply chain management system played a major role in its business growth and making it a market leader.

The work ecosystem is becoming more connected at the personal level, allowing each person’s work to be managed socially. This means mapping the relevant connections or work: impacts, processes and assumptions. The Social Process Model solves this in a 5-step framework that follows the natural flow of work: we receive to transform, we change the beneficiary’s life for the better and we depend on other peoples work to achieve success. Just like the current management models emerged when the amount of data and connections in the organization needed a common language to make sense of it, the new management mindsets will raise focusing how people are connected to coworkers and the organization. If you want to discover how irreplaceable your role is for the team, this article is for you! If you want to demonstrate you are the reason why your boss or clients are happy, this article is for you! If you think you can play the risks to your and your client's favor, this article is for you! This is a 5-step social management model at the personal level.