அரேபியன் ஜர்னல் ஆஃப் பிசினஸ் அண்ட் மேனேஜ்மென்ட் ரிவியூ

Throughout the last few decades, it has been verified a significant raise in the use of Public-Private Partnerships, by part of the world’s economic governments as an alternative in the management and financing of infrastructural investments to joust the problematic of the infrastructure gap. From the projects sponsors’ point of view, the capital investment’s strategic decisions are fundamental, so that the feasibility studies of partnerships are a critical factor for operational success and their management. However, for these agents, the risk-return question is preponderant, due to the soaring of financial, political and market risks, which will organize the imperative of application of new evaluation methods, as the case of the IRR-at-Risk, Cash Flow-at-Risk and the NPV-at-Risk, where the latter combines the dual issue of risk-return and the average weighted cost of capital. Therefore, this investigation aims to proceed to the application of the listed methods for the Public-Private road institutions in Portugal. Based in a sample from the 7 SCUT and 7 new concessions (highways), we will seek to apply the decision methods of riskreturn in order to prove that these can provide better decisions in matters of risk and investments analysis compared to the methods of traditional financial evaluation. The results show that, for the sponsors, the methods of risk-return provides better decisions if include the element of risk in projects.

The New Halfa agricultural Production Corporation (NHAPC) is considered as one of the leading agricultural scheme in cotton production, being the second largest in comparison with the Gezira scheme concerning the area. The Government’s agricultural policies were the main factors for the studying and knowing the financial and economic evaluation indicators for the production of cotton in New Halfa Agricultural Production Corporation during the period (1981/1982-2009/2010), and the comparison between these indicators for different periods in producing cotton at New Halfa Agricultural Production Corporation (first period 1981/1982-1991/1992) individual account system, (second period 1992/1993-2009/2010) liberalization in the following phases: Financial and economic indicators (net present worth NPW, benefit cost ratio B/C , internal rate of return IRR, net benefit investment N/K ratio, and payback period), area, production and average yield. The study was mainly based on the secondary data of the cotton crop at (NHAPC) such as areas, production, average yield, return, costs, benefits and net benefits for period (1981/82- 2009/10), using descriptive statistics, simple mathematics, and different ways of analysis and descriptive tables. The financial and economic evaluation during the periods (1981/1982- 2009/2010), (1981/1982-1991/1992), (1992/1993- 2009/2010) study showed that the production of cotton was feasible and the indicators were positive. The study recommended that the Government should have a commitment to appropriate agricultural policies, subsidize the agricultural sector particularly with regard to increasing the areas of cotton production, reduce the cost of production, process cotton locally to increase the added value, and manufacture the inputs locally for making more foreign currencies, and increase the cotton production through research development and extension.

The FIFA World Cup is the major sporting event in the world. It is also the most prestigious mega-sports event since it has over the years been assumed to be a highly profitable and a crowd pulling venture. The event has thus shaken the tourism trends of all the participating nations. By comparing and analyzing the general impact on outbound tourism of previous sporting events including major World cup games; this article will qualitatively reveals Africa as a new market for outbound tourists for major sporting events; this study sampled 2022 Qatar World Cup and provides conclusions on how Africa’s outbound tourism business will be impacted in the long run. Based on the suggestions provided in this paper, future studies should be more oriented on the qualitative studies to establish the exact degree of this effect.

The purpose of this paper is to examine determinant of capital structure of Iranian listed companies based on trade off theory and pecking order theory of capital structure. There are many factors that may affect capital structure choice. However, this study focuses on four important characteristics of Iranian firms and tries to clarify their impact on capital structure. The dependent variable is firm’s leverage ratio and independent variable consists of tangibility, profitability, growth and business risk. This study uses financial information of 133 Iranian listed companies on Tehran Stock Exchange for the period of 10 years from 2005 to 2014. The OLS regression model is used to determine relationship between dependent and independent variables. Finding show that profitability is the most important determinant of capital structure for Iranian companies followed by tangibility, growth and business risk. Profitability and business risk are inversely correlated with debt ratio, while liquidity and growth are directly associated to debt ratio. Results of hypothesis testing based on relationship between independents and dependents variables are fully in line with pecking order theory, while it partially supports trade of theory in short, capital structure of Iranian firms is completely explained by pecking order theory of capital structure.

The service industries are mostly customer driven and their survival in the competitive environment largely depends on quality of the services provided by them. Due to the increasing competition in the service sector, customer service is an important part of the organizational growth. The key lies in improving the service selectively, paying attention to more critical attributes as a part of improved customer satisfaction. A large number of research studies for service quality take place in the context of developing countries. There are various models suggested by many authors in relation to service quality but no model take all attributes of service quality. The main objective of this paper is to critically appraise various service quality models and identify issues for future research based on the critical analysis of literature. This study aims at evaluating the different service quality models given by different authors and identifies the need for developing a new model in today’s scenario. This study examines 19 models of service quality. Findings of the study explore new model and direction in service quality improvement for different sectors. Data for this study is collected from secondary sources. The empirical findings not only priorities different parameters of service quality but also provide guidelines to focus on the other parameters on which the marketer need to improve.

Luxuries are now being necessities for people day by day because people wants to be improve their life styles and by the utilization of luxury products they can fulfilled their self-concept by having a better social appreciation from society. The core reason of this research paper was to examine Impact of customer self-concept and life style on luxury goods purchases a case of females of Karachi. In today’s competitive world companies tried their best to make customer satisfied as customer satisfaction is very important because customer is the back bone of the organization. Companies know that customer want quality, authenticity and needs the history of a brand. The luxury brands are completely different offers and needed a very detailed approach to marketing and brand management. Quantitative research is used in this research paper and we have targeted females of Karachi who aged between 25-30 years. 200 is sample size of this research paper. The answers of the individuals were taken both electronically and manually. Frequency tables and pie charts were used to check the result with the help of SPSS. On the basis of result it has been accomplished that there is a positive significant impact of self-concept and life style of customer on purchases of luxury goods.

Organizations continually try to increase the level of leadership capability and increase the number of qualified applicants for leadership positions by supporting leadership development training program. This qualitative case study discovers whether participating in a leadership development program resulted in leader’s performance that can fill leadership gaps. The theoretical framework of this study is depend on expectancy theory, suggests that leaders who involved in leadership development expect to become leaders in future. This exploratory case study sought to learn whether, upon completion of a comprehensive leadership development program, participants applied for, and assumed, leadership positions. A purposeful sample of 32 participants was drawn from in structured interviews conducted by the researcher from Aramco Company. The results provided evidence that using leadership development programs to fill a leadership gap is productive, and that the effectiveness of this strategy is enhanced when organizations purposefully select and support participants through all stages of their leadership development. Participants who pursued leadership opportunities indicated the importance of institutional involvement in leadership development.

This study analyzes the impacts of tax policy on market risk for the listed firms in the electric power industry during and after the period 2007-2009 as the local economy has been affected by the financial crisis. First, by using quantitative and analytical methods to estimate asset and equity beta of total 20 listed companies in Vietnam electric power industry with a proper traditional model, we found out that the beta values, in general, for many companies are acceptable. Second, under 3 different scenarios of changing tax rates (20%, 25% and 28%), we recognized that there is not large disperse in equity beta values, estimated at 0,446, 0,449 and 0,451. These values are much lower than those of the listed VN construction firms. Third, by changing tax rates in 3 scenarios (25%, 20% and 28%), we recognized both equity and asset beta mean values have positive relationship with the increasing levels of tax rate. Finally, this paper provides some outcomes that could provide companies and government more evidence in establishing their policies in governance.

The regional financial centres role is highly studied in literature mainly after the European integration. The regional financial centres “RFC” definition, characteristics and measurement method are our main purpose in this study. This study presents FAM “Financial Attractiveness Model” model as numerical indicator for the regional attractive financial centre, taking a real case the GCC “Gulf Cooperation Council” region. The GCC economic complexities and financial systems weakness increase the importance of the regional financial centre. In this paper, we test the GCC stock market financial centre changes by applying FAM model between 2000 and 2004 as an important period in the GCC countries due to the regional economic changes. We test the sub periods from 2000 to 2002 then from 2002 to 2004 in order to see the changes in the regional financial centre and then to compare with the IMF anchor regional financial centre.

This study examines and or investigates the impact of human resources development and employees performance in central bank of Nigeria. The research instruments used in collection of data for this study included the questionnaire containing structured questions personal interviews personal observation. Equally secondary information or data were collected through textbooks journals magazines and newspapers etc. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data for this study. A sample of 373 staff selected from Central Bank of Nigeria branch in Port Harcourt was drawn for the study for which the sample elements consisted of 5 cadres of staff (management Secretarial supervisory lower cadre and general staff). Accordingly 373 copies of questionnaire were administered on the staff of central bank of Nigeria. Out of the 373 copies of questionnaire administered 314 copies were retrieved and after going through them 298 (i.e., 79.89% response rate) copies were found useful for data analysis. The study found that central bank of Nigeria utilizes various human resources development programmes. The condition necessitating the use of a particular scheme include job content size of organization cost structure labour employed and market rate. Majority of respondents agreed that the incidence of using a particular human resources developmental scheme increases with the emergence of the conditions listed above. Some of the problems encountered include; conflicts grievances and disagreement amongst staff; time consuming professional bias problem of sentiments in teaching and difficulties in determining the rate of certain jobs as well as intensive capital needed to the human resources development programmes. Also revealed is the fact that human resources development has relationship with the bank’s productivity. The study therefore recommends that public organisations should encourage employers /employees to participate in the decision making relating to their development. Employees should be involved in the human resources development programmes of the organization.

Purpose: In recent years, the Product placement industry in India has seen a significant boom. The growth of Product placement continues as media seeks funding and branded products. Product placement in Indian films and television is becoming increasingly common.
Background: This research focused on central themes related to Ethical issue in Product Placement Strategy as advertisement or pure entertainment, need for government control and influence on viewers.
Design: The results of a survey of 963 respondents from Pune and Mumbai are reported in this paper. Results indicate viewers have mixed response to ethical issues related to product placement in Indian films.
Result: The results of the study may provide marketers and business decision makers with a further understanding of product placement in films and ethical issues involved in it. Future implication: The study was restricted to analyze the product placement in Hindi films only. But the outcome of this study may apply to other regional films also.

In today’s competitive business environment customers always looks forward for the things that they have never observed before and anything which helps to obtain their attention by surprise and leaves a long period impact on their mind. Most of the flourishing businesses recognized the importance of customer’s lifetime value because customer satisfaction is observed as a key differentiator. Beverage industries tried their best to please their customers’ to stay alive in the Market place. Guerrilla marketing is one of the raising marketing techniques which consist a chain of strategies that can be applied with a little budget in the company. Guerrilla marketing is measured as an essential strategy for the survival and victory of Beverage industries across the world. The core purpose of this research paper was to examine the impacts of guerrilla marketing on consumers’ buying behavior in beverage industries of Karachi Pakistan. Guerrilla marketing has been taken as an independent variable were consumer buying behavior as a dependent variable and its sub-variables are loyalty, frequency of buying the same product and demand of buying the same product again and again. This research was quantitative in nature. The sample size was 204 and questionnaires were distributed randomly to get the data on primary level. The responses of the respondents were obtained both electronically and manually. With the help of SPSS frequency tables and pie charts were used to check the result. On the basis of findings it has been concluded that guerrilla marketing has a positive significant impacts on consumers’ buying behavior in beverage industries. As large number of respondents knows that guerrilla marketing is very effective and creative strategy which has the power to influence the consumer behavior towards any product or services.