மனநல கோளாறுகள் மற்றும் சிகிச்சை

Premenstrual exacerbations (PMEs) of persistent mood disorders are little understood, in contrast to premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). This review's objectives are to explore the clinical and research ramifications of PME in unipolar depression and bipolar disorder, as well as diagnostic difficulties, epidemiology, underlying mechanisms, and treatment. Around 60% of women with mood disorders, according to communitybased and clinical studies, report PME, and some bipolar disorder sufferers also experience symptom flare-ups around the ovulation. PME typically foresees a more serious illness course and an increased burden. The overlap of their underlying biological pathways is yet unknown, despite the fact that PME and PMDD both appear to be influenced by increased sensitivity to variations in sex hormone levels throughout the menstrual cycle. PME results for effective PMDD therapies are lessened or non-existent. Pharmacological therapies for PME in mood disorders mostly tend to benefit from customizable dosage augmentations during the luteal phase for the underlying disease. The available data, however, is scant and largely based on old, limited studies and case reports. To get accurate prevalence estimates, information on the clinical impact of PME of mood disorders, and to identify underlying processes, more systematic research using uniformly defined and prospectively assessed subgroups of PME in larger epidemiological and clinical samples is required. It is also necessary to conduct larger randomised controlled trials to find effective pharmacological and psychological therapies for affected women.

In recent years, it has become evident that e-health apps can be used to administer psychotherapies in an efficient manner. Furthermore, numerous studies in low- and middle-income nations have demonstrated that lay health counsellors can offer psychiatric therapy in an efficient manner. It has been discovered that the comparatively straightforward therapy known as behavioural activation is just as successful as cognitive behaviour therapy. It has been discovered that treating sub threshold depression can delay the onset of major depression as well as minimise depressed symptoms. Additionally, therapies work well for patients with general medical conditions, elderly persons, and perinatal depression. The majority of patients prefer psychological therapies over pharmacological treatments for depression, and they may be used flexibly with various target populations and application formats. Psychological therapies also offer longer-lasting effects than drug treatments.

The beginning of mental health issues surges between adolescence and young adulthood, yet young people encounter treatment hurdles and are frequently hesitant to seek professional care. There is a promising opportunity to use social networking sites (SNSs) to deliver or integrate with youth-focused online mental health interventions as many people are instead turning to the Internet, particularly through social networking sites (SNSs), to find support and information about their mental health. A number of prior evaluations have assessed the efficacy of SNSs in treating certain illnesses in young people, but none have examined the whole range of SNS-based adolescent mental health therapies that are available for all types of mental health difficulties. This study aims to comprehensively identify the evidence that was available on the use of SNSbased therapies to support the mental health of young people up to the age of 25, to assess their efficacy, appropriateness, and safety, and to pinpoint any gaps and future research possibilities. With the use of exploding keywords and phrases, the PubMed and PsycINFO databases were searched. 235 articles were selected for full-text screening from the double-screened, retrieved abstracts (n=974). Nine articles out of these fulfilled the review inclusion criteria. A quantitative meta-analysis was not feasible because of the sparse number of studies and the variety of outcome measures utilised. 5 distinct interventions were addressed by the 9 publications (quantitative studies, qualitative studies, and descriptions of the iterative design process). Two of the five treatments made use of platforms specifically designed for the moderated online social therapy (MOST) paradigm, two used Facebook, and one involved the evaluation of a mobile app specifically designed for the purpose. The 2 MOST treatments addressed particular mental health conditions (depression and psychosis), whilst the rest worked to increase mental health knowledge, social support, and overall wellbeing. In order to provide proof of concept, only 3 quantitative studies were found, and they all employed a pre-post design (without a control group). The number of depressive symptoms and mental health knowledge were the only end variables that showed substantial changes, whereas there was no improvement in the symptoms of anxiety or psychosis. The SNS platforms were generally well-liked and actively used, and their perceived value and security were positive. It was determined that one of the more effective approaches was clinical specialists moderating. Users choose mobile applications over web-based interfaces when given the option. The examined data indicates that young people find SNS-based treatments to be very helpful, interesting, and encouraging. Future research must, however, address the existing dearth of reliable data supporting their effectiveness in easing mental health symptoms. Given that young people currently use SNSs for peer-to-peer support and information seeking, SNS-based youth mental health treatments offer a chance to address some of the obstacles that prevent them from gaining access to competent mental health help and information.

The goal of the current study was to compare adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN) to a healthy control group in order to determine the relationship between the risk of eating disorders (ED), psychological adjustment, empathy, attachment style, and internalisation of the thin-ideal. 35 female adolescents with AN and 35 HC adolescents were given the Questionnaire of General Data, the Eating Disorders Inventory-3 (EDI-3), the Questionnaire of Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance-3 (SATAQ-3), the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R), and the Basic Empathy Scale (BES). Female ANs with greater degrees of general psychological maladjustment (GPMC) and female HCs with higher thin-ideal internalisation were shown to have the highest risk of eating disorders. In the AN group, GPMC alone or in conjunction with attachment style and thin-ideal internalisation were not shown to be meaningful predictors of the probability of developing an eating disorder. The findings of the study lend credence to theories about EDs that stress the contribution of general psychological maladjustment to ED development.